How does Shakespeare portray ambiguity in the play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

How does Shakespeare depict equivocalness in the play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example How does Shakespeare depict equivocalness in the play Romeo and Juliet Paper How does Shakespeare depict equivocalness in the play Romeo and Juliet Paper Article Topic: Transforms The investigation of equivocalness in the play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ exemplifies Shakespeare’s message of how there is no ‘right’ or ‘wrong,’ ‘good’ or ‘evil’. This subject is started from the relevant condition of the play, set in Renaissance England, a period of incredible change and social vagueness, achieving the protestant renewal and the development of ‘the new man’ and new points of view toward adoration and sentiment. Shakespeare embraces elucidating strategies and particular pleasantry, coordinating artistic gadgets and symbolism to depict vagueness subconsciously all through the play. The idea of uncertainty is depicted by his utilization of interesting expression, for example â€Å"Oh fighting adoration, goodness cherishing hate† portrays equivocalness through the paired of affection and despise and how components of both can be found in each other, hence featuring Shakespeare’s message of how the whole idea of the play is questionable. A confusing expression is by definition equivocal, and is frequently received to conceptualize uncertain implications and thoughts. Thus, Shakespeare utilizes conundrum, for example, when Juliet questions, â€Å"was ever a book containing such abhorrent issue so genuinely bound? to delineate Juliet’s multifaceted nature as a character, and her clashing feelings when attempting to fight with the possibility that the adoration for her life is a killer. Likewise Shakespeare passes on vagueness by sorting symbolism into two limits, light and dim. This symbolism persistently repeats all through the play, and is frequently embraced by Romeo, for example when he first observes Juliet he proclaims, â€Å"O, she doth train the lights consume bright† and Juliet is ceaselessly alluded to as a light in the murkiness and Juliet simultaneously communicates how â€Å"Romeo’s body† be â€Å"cut out in little stars. Shakespeare utilizes this to complement the differentiation of affection and loathe, a questionable difference Shakespeare uses to epitomize the importance of the play. Besides, Shakespeare’s utilization of unmistakable language and character repartee is utilized for differentiate and to make interesting expression and oddity to outline equivocalness, for example; â€Å"A cursed holy person, a good scoundrel! The impactful complexity between the words, â€Å"damned† and â€Å"honourable† every modifier used to opposite the particular characterisations of â€Å"villain† and â€Å"saint† as an interesting expression. Uncertainty is additionally investigated through the characters themselves. For example, Friar Lawrence is depicted to have a personal stake in the joy of both Romeo and Juliet and shows up as a backer of their taboo sentiment and even assists with wedding the two stealthily, later giving Juliet a substance that will enable her to counterfeit her passing to keep away from her union with Paris. Anyway it shows up he has a ulterior thought process fuelled by his tranquility cherishing attitude. This is depicted when he expresses that â€Å"this partnership may so glad demonstrate to turn your households’ spite to unadulterated love,† along these lines communicating the to some degree uncertain nature of his character. Besides, his unconventional conduct may have in reality caused the passings of the two sweethearts and accordingly Shakespeare depicts vagueness in this case by depicting the layers of the Friar’s character, how a harmony cherishing godly man, whom Shakespeare at first seems to use as a plot gadget, progressively transforms to somebody who will, using any and all means, endeavor to accomplish his objective, regardless of how guiltless his thought processes. Correspondingly, Lord Capulet’s character additionally seems to secure a comparable uncertain nature. He at first shows up as a caring dad with apparently valiant characteristics, asking Paris to â€Å"let two additional summers wilt in their pride, ere we may think her ready to be a bride,† permitting his little girl time to develop before she marries Paris. Correspondingly, when Tybalt communicates his outrage and concern when Romeo enters Juliet’s party, he reacts contemptuously and seems to see no good reason for the fight, depicting a reasonable, understanding side to his character. Be that as it may, Capulet before long loses this title and turns into a progressively forceful character, compelling Juliet to wed Paris and when she rejects he shouts, â€Å"Out you stuff, you fat face,† communicating an increasingly contentious side to his character. Also, hence once more, Shakespeare depicts equivocalness through Capulet’s to some degree twofold character, each a polar finish of two limits, animosity and sympathy. What's more, Mercutio’s character additionally takes after a to some degree equivocal nature. His name itself is gotten from the word ‘mercurial’ which implies precarious or unpredictable, which in itself epitomizes his equivocalness. He at first shows up confident and certain with an inclination for ribald silliness. He seems to support a cavalier, disdainful point of view toward affection, communicating that â€Å"if love be harsh with you, be unpleasant with adoration. † He additionally shows up as a faithful companion to Romeo, and promoter of the Montagues. In any case, it shows up Mercutio’s claimed certainty is only an exterior fuelled by his shaky, unpredictable connotations. This is depicted during his withering minutes when he shouts, â€Å"a revile of both your homes! † depicting his unpredictability and frailty instead of his underlying sure, secure attitude and in this manner passes on his character’s questionable fiber. Vagueness is likewise recognized through the subjects incorporated into the play and the plot itself. Shakespeare communicates how the clashing subjects remembered for the play, for example ‘Love and Hate’ are just received by Shakespeare to depict how there is no ‘one or the other,’ there is consistently a blend of both. He utilizes the characters’ feelings and activities to depict these topics as inversed limits fighting against each other to understand a definitive end referenced already. So also the plot in itself, a flighty quarrel fuelled by the instability of each other’s predominance that at last brought about the passings of each of their own.

Themes in the Poetry of Keats Flashcard

Topics in the Poetry of Keats

What to Do When a Client Says, I Cant Afford You

What to Do When a Client Says, I Cant Afford You “I can’t afford it. I don’t have the money right now. It is not within my budget. It’s just too expensive. I’ll have to look for the money first.”These are some of the devastating phrases no sales person wants to hear.If you have been in sales long enough, I’m pretty sure you have heard one or more of these phrases.What you might not know, however, is that most of the times, customers do not actually mean it when they use one of these phrases.Instead, they use them as an excuse to cover up for something else that’s keeping them from making the purchase.I’m sure you have also used a variation of one of these phrases to avoid making a purchase you did not want to make.You go into a store looking for something to solve a particular problem you have and encounter a sales person who tries to sell you something to solve that problem.After listening to them for a while, however, you are not convinced that what they are selling will solve your problem.To avoid making the pu rchase without making them feel like they wasted their time explaining the product to you, you tell them that you don’t really have the money for it at the moment and walk out of the store.Whatever you did to the sales person at the store is the same thing most of your prospects are doing.In most cases, it’s not that your prospects do not have the budget for whatever you are selling.If they didn’t have the money for it, they probably wouldn’t even be reaching out to you in the first place.When prospective clients say that they cannot afford something, in most cases it means that they have another concern that is keeping them from making the purchase.Alternatively, it means that they don’t think whatever you are selling is a priority at the moment.In other words, the issue is not really about resources, but about how much they think they need what you are selling or how much they think it will help them solve a problem they are dealing with.So, how do you respond when a cli ent says that they cannot afford you or your products? Before we answer that, let’s take a look at what exactly clients mean when they say that you are expensive.WHAT “I CANNOT AFFORD YOU” MEANSThe phrase I cannot afford you is usually used a cover phrase.Behind the phrase, the client usually means one of the following:You Are Selling to the Wrong PersonI mentioned earlier that when prospective clients claim that they cannot afford something, it is more of a priority issue than a money issue.This could be brought about by the fact you are selling to the wrong person.A person who does not think whatever you are selling is a priority to them.Consider this: If I just bought a car earlier this year, and you came to me selling a car, I’d say I don’t have the money for it at the moment.I might have the money, but I am a young person living alone, and I don’t see the need for two cars.Note that I might be within your general target market (people who might buy a car), but I’m the wrong person to sell to, because I recently bought one.On the other hand, if you offered me a good deal on a house, I would probably go for it, even though it is way more expensive than the car.Regardless of how much you try to sell me the car, I will still go for the house, because it is a bigger priority than a second car at the moment.I Don’t Have Confidence in Your Product or ServiceIf a prospective client went through your website or marketing material, decided to reach out to you regarding whatever products or services you are offering, but still claims that they don’t won’t be able to afford it, there is a high chance that they don’t have confidence in your product or service to do what you claim it will.The reason behind this is that the language you are using to sell to clients does not really resonate with the client’s problems or goals.After going through your website or marketing material, a client will reach out to you because they think your product or s ervice can potentially solve their problem.By reaching out to you, they want to ascertain whether you actually have the capability to solve their problem.If they later claim that they cannot afford it, it means that, after reaching out to you, they felt that your product or service either cannot solve their problem, or that the value they stand to gain from your product or service is not worth what you are charging for it.I Don’t Trust YouSometimes, you might have done a good job of selling the features and benefits of your products, but then, for some reason, the client feels that they cannot trust you.Lack of trust is usually brought about by how you project yourself to prospective customers.The client might feel that you are too desperate for clients, they might feel that you are being too pushy with your offer, or they might be afraid that they won’t get adequate attention in case they happen to have an issue with your product or service after purchasing.I Don’t Trust Myse lfThis might sound funny, but sometimes, clients will stall from purchasing from you, not because they don’t have confidence in your products or services, not because they don’t trust you, but because they don’t trust in themselves.Everyone experiences doubts at some point in life, and your prospects are no exception.For instance, if you are selling a fitness program, a prospective client might be afraid that they might be unable to follow through with the program, which means that they won’t gain the benefits of the program.If you are selling an internet marketing course, they might not trust themselves to do all the hard work, in which case they won’t see a return on their investment.In this case, by saying that they cannot afford you, it doesn’t mean that they don’t have the money to purchase what you are offering.It means they cannot afford to waste the money, because they don’t trust themselves enough to put in the hard work and gain from the investment, in whic h case they will have actually wasted their money.You are Selling the Wrong ThingCustomers might also feel that what you are selling is expensive because they cannot see its value.This could be caused by the fact that you are selling the wrong thing.In many cases, sales personnel focus on selling the features or specifications of a product or service.However, this is not what prospective clients care about. They care about the problem that has led them to seek your products and services in the first place.Therefore, focusing on all the amazing features and specifications of your product does no good if you cannot show them how these features will help them solve their problems.Therefore, features are the wrong thing to sell. Instead, you should focus on selling benefits and outcomes.In all the above situations, it is clear that the price is usually not the client’s main objection.However, a client cannot tell you that what you are selling is not a priority, or that they don’t tr ust you or have confidence in your products or services, or that they don’t trust themselves, or that they cannot see the value of what you are offering.In this case, claiming that they cannot afford what you are selling is the easy way out.If they tell you the actual reason why they are stalling, you will come up with an argument to counter their objection.However, if they claim that they don’t have the money for it, you cannot challenge it.You won’t ask them to show you their bank statements or their budget for the month. If they don’t have the money, they don’t, and there’s not much you can do about it.This is what makes this such a good excuse. It allows the prospective client to avoid committing to a purchase without putting themselves in an awkward position.However, just because a client has said that they cannot afford whatever you are selling does not mean that the conversation has to end there.A smart sales person knows that they can still turn the conversation around and close the sale.So, how do you respond when a client says that they cannot afford your products or services?HOW TO HANDLE A CLIENT WHO SAYS THEY CANNOT AFFORD YOUWhen they encounter clients who say that a product or service is not affordable, the first thought that hits most sales personnel is that they should lower the price.However, this is the wrong move.Not only are you playing into the client’s excuses, but you also confirm to the client that the price you gave was indeed high.Instead of giving a price reduction, here’s what to do instead.Show that You Understand the Client’s Concerns When a client says that they cannot afford whatever you are selling, don’t try to argue with them that the price is fair, or even feel mad at them because you know that they might be using this as an excuse to cover up for another objection.Instead, empathize with the client and make it clear that you understand their concerns.You can do this by saying something like, “I know y ou have to work within the constraints of a budget, so I definitely understand your concerns about the price of our service.”Ask QuestionsWhile some clients will claim that they cannot afford your product or service as an excuse to cover up for another objection, there are some who will actually mean it.They might be willing to buy but feel that the price is out of their budget.It is your responsibility as a sales person to determine whether the price is their real objection or whether they are stalling.To do this, you have to ask the prospect some questions.Below are two questions I like using to determine whether the price is the prospect’s main concern.What is your budget? â€" This is a direct question that cuts to the chase. If the client really wants to purchase the product or service but feels that the price is too high, they will give you a quick answer. If it takes the prospect a while to come up with an answer, or if they give a price range that is unreasonable, then th ey are just probably stalling. As they answer this question, you should also observe their body language, since it will give you useful clues as to whether the client wants to buy.If I offered you the product/service at this price, would we have a deal? â€" After you ask the first question, some prospects will give you an imaginary budget, even if price is not really their main concern. To ascertain that price is indeed their main objection, ask them this question. If the prospect says that you’ll have yourself a deal once you work on the price, you are now sure that the price is their main objection, and you can work out on a solution that will help deal with this. If the client answers in the negative, you can follow up with more questions to uncover the real objection.Show Your Product’s or Service’s True ValueIf, after asking the above questions, you discover that price was not the prospect’s real objection, it means that the prospect does not think that that the value o f your product or service is worth it, or they don’t consider your product or service to be a top priority at the moment.Therefore, what you need to do is to demonstrate the value of whatever you are offering.To do this, you need to show the client what they stand to gain by purchasing your product or service, vis-à-vis what they stand to lose if they don’t make the purchase.Here’s the thing. While a lot of clients will be aware of the challenges they are facing, many of them will not have done the math to see the actual cost of those challenges.Without knowing what the cost of these challenges, quantifying the benefits to be gained from what you are selling also becomes a bit difficult.So, how do you show the value of what you are selling in quantifiable terms?Let’s assume that you are selling an automated content marketing solution worth $5000. Initially, all the prospect sees is the $5000 price tag.However, let’s assume that your solution will help the client increase sales by 40%.If the client currently makes sales worth $10,000 per month, it means that every month, they are leaving an extra $4,000 on the table, which they would have been earning if they used your solution.Once you show them that they are losing $4,000 in sales every month, they will see why it is worth paying $5,000 for your content marketing solution.Simply put, instead of focusing on the price of what you are offering, show the client what they stand to gain from your product or service, in terms of extra revenue, profits, cost savings, time savings, and so on. In other words, show them that what you are offering is an investment, rather than an expense.Give an Alternative Option for the PurchaseIf you have ascertained that the prospect is willing to purchase what you are offering but cannot genuinely afford it, you can still close the sale by offering the client alternative options for purchasing your product or service.For instance, you could offer customer financing, where you allow the client to purchase your products or services and pay in monthly installments. You could also offer a price adjustment.Note that there is a difference between a price adjustment and a discount. Whereas a discount simply means reducing the price, a price adjustment is a two-way transaction.For instance, you might reduce the price in exchange for a massive first order or a long term contract.This makes the price adjustment a win-win situation.The client gets a better price, while you get more sales.Keep in mind that customer financing and price adjustments will depend on your business as well as your prospective customer.If a prospect is still stalling after these four steps, then it means that they probably don’t want or need your product or service, at which point there is no need to continue pursuing the sale.HOW TO MINIMIZE THE CHANCES OF HEARING “I CAN’T AFFORD YOU”While I have shown you what to do when a client says they cannot afford you, wouldn’t it be better if you never had to deal with such situations in the first place?Fortunately, there are some steps you can take to reduce the chances of clients saying that they cannot afford you. These include:Ensure You are Selling to the Right PeopleIf a lot of prospective clients are claiming that they cannot afford your services, there is high chance you are not selling to the right people.Sure, the people you are selling to might be within your general target market, but you need to distill the target market even further and determine which specific segment of the market you are selling to.Remember the example I gave earlier on? I might be within the general target market of car dealers, but regardless of how much they try selling to me, I am not very likely to buy a car from them if I recently bought another one.One way to make sure that you are selling to the right people is to develop a buyer persona.You also need to have a system in place for pre-qualifying prospects.This can be so mething as simple as asking prospects a couple of questions.Ensure Your Content Shows the Value of What You are OfferingWe saw that the other reasons why prospective clients claim that they cannot afford you could be because they don’t trust you or they are not confident in your products or services.They don’t believe that they will get their money’s worth.To overcome this objection, your content and marketing material needs to clearly show the client the value of what they are getting.What impact will your products or services have on their businesses or lives? What are the expected outcomes?If the prospects clearly understand from the outset what they stand to gain from your product or service, they are unlikely to complain about the price.Ensure Your Products/Services are Appropriately PricedVery often, when clients say that your products or services are not affordable, it is usually about the client or the language you use to sell to them. In some cases, however, your pric ing might actually be too high.There are two ways your pricing might be too high:The price is too high for your audience: Sometimes, your pricing might be too high for the market segment you have chosen as your ideal clients. However, this is more of a product vs. market match problem than a pricing problem. If that is the case, you have two options â€" you can either focus on attracting the kind of customers who will afford what you are offering, or you can introduce a new product that is matched to the needs of and is affordable to the customers you are currently targeting.The price is too high for a fair exchange of value: Prospective clients might also feel like your price is too expensive if the results to be gained from using your product or service are not worth the money you are charging for the product or service. In this case, you might have to reduce the price to match the value of what you are offering, or you could increase the quality of your product or service to make its impact on your client’s lives or businesses commensurate with what they are paying for it.WRAPPING UPWhile most sales personnel dread hearing the phrase “I can’t afford you,” the phrase does not necessarily mean that the sale is lost.Neither should you respond to the phrase with an automatic price reduction. Like we saw, this is usually an excuse that has nothing to do with the price.Therefore, whenever a client says they cannot afford you, show that you understand their concerns and follow up with questions that will help you uncover their real objection.If their real objection is not price, you can respond by showing them the true value of what you are offering, or the outcome they will get from using your products or services.If price is their real concern, you can offer alternative options to help them complete the purchase.Finally, focus on minimizing the chances of hearing the dreaded phrase by ensuring that you are selling to the right people, ensuring that your content and marketing material shows the true value of what you are selling, and ensuring that your pricing is appropriate.

Why Should Ebay Be Legal Action - 1197 Words

Remedial Actions Straight after the incident taking place, Ebay didn’t notify their customers of what had happened. Instead the news had leaked out that the company had been under attack from hacktivists. The actions that the company took to patch up the compromise was by investing more money into securing their own servers. This should have been done formally before the incident, however Ebay’s excuse was their IT infrastructure was too big. Ebay carried out additional and through testing after the breach to check if there has been any unauthorised access, but results had shown that there had not been any evidence of unauthorised access (LLP, 2014). Ebay is also looking at different forensic tools and methods to protect their customers†¦show more content†¦This is to deal with the amount of members that are coming to their e-commerce service (Richard, 2014). Other Relevant Information When Ebay primarily started with the ‘Aution Web’ their structural design of the website was fairly simple. Back then they were using the PERL and no databases to connect to. Instead they used plain text files. Since the distribution of members started to increase had to create another version. This meant from transferring from one programming language to another; PERL and C++. A database structure has to be implemented where they used the master-slave method. Meanwhile, on the front-end users they were running XSLT. Since further expansion in 1998 and website improvement, Ebay had to move to version 3. Version 3 consisted of solely Java with a C++ based search engine. They additionally innovated a method for calls, but discarded it due to image elements on the page running slowly. The Version 4 which came available in 2006 consisted of everything being Java, this meant previous code had to transform to classes and methods in Java such as Links, Images, JavaScript and C ontent. The Version 4 also included Ajax Technologies (Anonymous, 2008). Now Ebay website deals with â€Å"26 billion SQL queries and keep tab on 100 million items available for purchasing† (Anonymous, 2008). This means that the Oracle database is prone to SQL injections and Ebay need to block out any intruder that might want access to the

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1287 Words

Despite the Roaring Twenties generally characterized as a time of prosperity and success, Fitzgerald casts an ominous atmosphere in The Great Gatsby and reveals the crumbling foundations upon which such prosperity was built. As the moral foundations of American society begin to decay, so do the foundations of the American Dream itself. By having characters from all social classes share a common sentiment of discontent, Fitzgerald suggests that instead of having a common American Dream, society only has a common discontent. Seeking ways to quench such insatiable desires will ultimately lead to moral depravity, suggesting that the roots of the American Dream have also deteriorated to only just a lie. Throughout the course of The Great Gatsby, discontent is widespread among all classes, even among the wealthy, who seemingly have it all. Rather than satiating desires, wealth seems to only make those with it crave for even more. In the beginning of the book, Nick recognizes the manifestat ion of his own discontent when, instead of â€Å"being the warm center of the world, the Middle West now seemed like the ragged edge of the universe† after he â€Å"came back restless† from the â€Å"Great War† because he â€Å"enjoyed the counter-raid so thoroughly†. Rather than feeling at ease back home in the Midwest after coming back from a war, Nick exhibits restlessness and a desire to return back to the past and to the battlegrounds that he enjoyed â€Å"so thoroughly†. It seems as though Nick’s time spent inShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. 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Egg Shell Lab Free Essays

Michelle Fishman Period 11 TCA #3 TITLE: Egg Shell Lab OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the amount of calcium carbonate content of brown and white eggshells. MATERIALS: white and brown eggshells, water, deionized water, beaker, pipet, flask, test tube brush, funnel, hotplate, mortar, pestle, ethanol, HCl, phenolphthalein indicator, sodium hydroxide PROCEDURE: (Complete for both white and brown eggshells) 1. Get one egg and beaker and bring it to your lab station. We will write a custom essay sample on Egg Shell Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Break the egg into a beaker. 3. Add water to the egg and stir before you pour it down the drain. 4. Wash the shell with deionized water and peel off the membranes from the inside of the shell. Dry your eggshell and put into a labeled beaker. 5. Wash your hands. 6. Dry the shell for about 10 minutes in the oven. 7. Grind the shell to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle. 8. Weigh between 0. 450 and 0. 550 grams of dried shell into each of the 3 labeled 250mL flasks. 9. Make sure to record the exact mass of the shell in each flask. 10. Add a few drops of ethanol to each flask. 1. Pour 40 mL of 1. 0M HCl into a beaker. 12. Put 10. 0 mL of the 1. 0M HCl to each 250mL flask containing the eggshells. Whirl the flasks to make sure all of the solids get wet. Be sure to spill any extra HCl into the sink with water. 13. On a hotplate, heat the solutions in the 250 mL flasks until they boil and then wait for them to cool. Be careful not to let them boil dry. Rinse flask with water. 14. Carefully, add 3-4 drops of phenolphth alein indicator to each flask. 15. Using a funnel, fill a buret partly with 0. 00 M sodium hydroxide, to rinse it. Empty the buret into the sink. Then, pour NaOH solution into the buret just above the top mark. Spill out some excess solution to remove all of the bubbles from the top. If there is not enough solution, refill some more into the buret. Read and record the initial volume to  ± 0. 01 mL. 16. Add one sample to the first pink color. The color will fade once you are close to the endpoint. Add the excess NaOH little by little with a dropper pipet until the color is constant for at least 30 sec. Read and record the final volume to  ±0. 01 mL. Once the volume is added, it is the difference between the initial and final readings (to  ± 0. 01 mL) 17. Repeat for the other samples. 18. Calculate the average value and the percent calcium carbonate in each sample. 19. Wash the egg residue out of the flask. CONCLUSION QUESTIONS 1)The amount of eggshell a student uses changes the outcome of the lab. It does matter because calcium may be unevenly distributed throughout the shell and there may be different concentrations around the eggshell. If the student doesn’t add a certain amount of eggshells, the experiment will not have the correct outcome. 2)A student would be sure they added a sufficient amount of acid to completely react with all of the calcium carbonate by making the proper measurements. If there is not enough chemical activity like fizzing for example, the student can adjust the amount by adding more acid to make a greater reaction. 3)If the student failed to add sufficient HCl, it would affect their data in many ways. Insufficient amounts oh HCl would not produce a complete reaction. The uneven amount would cause the reaction with CaCO3 to be unequal, so all the results would be directly affected. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) â€Å"CHEM 1102. † Eggshell Experiment. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. 2) â€Å"CHEM-212 Eggshell Lab. † CHEM-212 Eggshell Lab. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. 3) â€Å"Stoichiometry. † Chem4Kids. com: Reactions:. Andrew Rader Studios, 1997-2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. 4) â€Å"To Determine the Percentage by Mass of Calcium Carbonate in Eggshells† How to cite Egg Shell Lab, Essay examples

Martin Luther A Biography Of Martin Luther (1483-1546) Essays

Martin Luther: A Biography of Martin Luther (1483-1546) Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany, the son of Hans Luther, who worked in the copper mines, and his wife Margarethe. He went to school at Magdeburg and Eisenach, and entered the University of Erfurt in 1501, graduating with a BA in 1502 and an MA in 1505. His father wished him to be a lawyer, but Luther was drawn to the study of the scriptures, and spent three years in the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt. In 1507 he was ordained a priest, and went to the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on philosophy and the Scriptures, becoming a powerful and influential preacher. On a mission to Rome in 1510--11 he was appalled by the corruption he found there. Money was greatly needed at the time for the rebuilding of St. Peter's, and papal emissaries sought everywhere to raise funds by the sale of indulgences. The system was grossly abused, and Luther's indignation at the shameless traffic, carried on in particular by the Dominican Johann Tetzel, became irrepressible. As professor of biblical exegesis at Wittenberg (1512--46), he began to preach the doctrine of salvation by faith rather than works; and on 31 October 1517 drew up a list of 95 theses on indulgences denying the pope any right to forgive sins, and nailed them on the church door at Wittenberg. Tetzel retreated from Saxony to Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, where he published a set of counter-theses and burnt Luther's. The Wittenberg students retaliated by burning Tetzel's, and in 1518 Luther was joined in his views by Melanchthon. The pope, Leo X, at first took little notice of this disturbance, but in 1518 summoned Luther to Rome to answer for his theses. His university and the elector interfered, and ineffective negotiations were undertaken by Cardinal Cajetan and by Miltitz, envoy of the pope to the Saxon court. The scholar Johann Eck and Luther held a memorable disputation at Leipzig (1519); and Luther began to attack the papal system more boldly. In 1520 he published his famous address An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation (Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation), followed by a treatise De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae praeludium (A Prelude concerning the Babylonian Captivity of the Church), which also attacked the doctrinal system of the Church of Rome. A papal bull containing 41 theses was issued against him. He burned it before a multitude of doctors, students, and citizens in Wittenberg. He was excommunicated, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, convened the first Diet at Worms in 1521, before which Luther was called to retract his teachings. Luther refused to relent. An order was issued for the destruction of his books, and he was put under the ban of the Empire. On his return from Worms he was seized, at the instigation of the elector of Saxony, and lodged (for his own protection) in the Wartburg, the elector's fortress. During the year he spent there, he translated the Scriptures and composed his cogent controversial treatise, "Refutation of the Argument of Latomus'. Civil unrest called Luther back to Wittenberg in 1522. He rebuked the unruly elements, and made a stand against lawlessness on the one hand, and tyranny on the other. In the same year Luther published his acrimonious reply to Henry VIII's attack on him in Assertio septem sacramentorum adversus Martinum Lutherum (1521) about the nature of the seven sacraments. A divergence had gradually taken place also between the views of the Humanist scholar Erasmus and Luther. There was an open breach in 1525, when Erasmus published De libero arbitrio (1524, Discourse on Free Will), and Luther followed with De Servo arbitrio (Concerning the Bondage of Will). In the same year he married Katherine von Bora, a nun who had withdrawn from convent life. In 1529 he engaged with the controversial question of transubstantiation in the famous conference at Marburg with Zwingli and other Swiss theologians; he obstinately maintained his view that Christ is present in the bread and wine of the Eucharist. The drawing up of his theological views in the Augsburg Confession (1530) by Melanchthon, ably representing Luther at the Diet of Augsburg, marks the culmination of the German Reformation. Luther