The German Delegation Of The Paris Peace Conference On The...

Case Study 2: A Review of Comments of the German Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on the Conditions of Peace (October 1919) President Woodrow Wilson had secured the political clout to establish foreign policy after World War I. However, the Europeans, especially the two major powers in Europe, England and France had the right to be circumspect of several aspects of Wilson’s plan. The German Delegation utilized President Wilson’s analogy that, â€Å"no single fact caused the war, but that in last analysis the whole European system is in a deeper sense responsible for the war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Comments of the German Delegation, 1919). European leaders could have taken offense to Wilson’s plan. President Wilson’s represented a nation that was protected by thousands of miles of oceans, and during the war the United States suffered no loss of infrastructure and economically their markets made money during the war. However, that was not the case for the European political leaders. They truly had an ax to grind against Germany. France with closer proximity to Germany than England electe d to be protective and leery of Germany’s intentions after the war. Germany on the other hand was distraught over the terms laid before them by the Europeans at the Paris Peace Conference. The Germans believed they were being singled out, and that through the attrition of their sovereign territory they were losing vast economic resources and their ability to establish self-determination and self-preservation.Show MoreRelatedThe Treaty of Versailles1055 Words   |  4 Pagesat the Paris Peace Conference The Treaty of Versailles was formally drafted and World War I was finally brought to an end. The treaty was drafted by the Allied Powers, which consisted of Great Britain, France and the United States. This treaty blamed the war solely on Germany, and it required them to pay an amount of â€Å"$33 billion dollars in reparations, cede all of colonies, dismantle their air force, and greatly reduce their other military operations†(German Delegation, 291). The German army wasRead MoreWas the Treaty of Versailles a Carthaginian Peace?4290 Words   |  18 PagesCarthaginian peace’. What was meant by this, and was it a fair and accurate assessment. The Versailles Peace Treaty was signed in June 1919 after the First World War by the victorious Allies and defeated Germany and was intended to punish Germany for what was seen as her war guilt and to prevent her from becoming powerful enough again to disturb European peace. It was called a Carthaginian peace in the first instance by Jan Smuts (a member of the British Delegation at the Peace Conference in Paris) inRead MoreWhy the Versailles Treaty Failed to Bring Peace and Stability2074 Words   |  9 PagesWhy the Versailles Treaty failed to bring peace and stability On June 28th 1919, the â€Å"Big Three†, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson, and David Lloyd George, on behalf of Great Britain, the United States, and France, had formulated a peace treaty called Versailles Treaty to end the four-year-long First Word War, establishing the famous â€Å"Versailles System†. The purpose of the system is to build a peaceful world dominated by the victor countries, such as Great Britain, the United States and FranceRead MoreWoodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points2163 Words   |  9 Pagestroops and coordinating with European powers to essentially back the German offensive into a position of little advancement. As Germany recognized its failing position in the war, the officials in the German High Command began quietly pursuing negotiations of peace and cease fire, not from their European counterparts, but from American President Woodrow Wilson . Germany was hoping to benefit from President Wilson’s ideals of peace and justice for all, idea ls he had laid out publicly that year in aRead MoreCreating Regional Unified Modern Borders2559 Words   |  11 Pagesin their respective territories that is facilitated by the following factors: a. Facilitation Moderation: The facilitator and moderator will be in the form of an Analysis Board with indirect vested interests from the current delegations in the Paris Peace Conference that will allow fair breakdown of the current conflicts existing internationally, as well as, the ethnic identities of states, while maintaining the equality and unity of all global states, b. Consultation: Each group of individualsRead MoreEssay on Woodrow Wilson2008 Words   |  9 PagesWoodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States (1913-21), secured a legislative program of progressive domestic reform, guided his country during WORLD WAR I, and sought a peace settlement based on high moral principles, to be guaranteed by the LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Early Life and Career Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Va., on Dec. 28, 1856. He was profoundly influenced by a devoutly religious household headed by his father, Joseph Ruggles Wilson,Read MoreThe Revolution Of The 1911 Revolution2425 Words   |  10 Pagesrailroad stations between Peking and Paotingfu, including the large railroad junction at Fengtai. On the 16th the Boxers set a fire and destroyed over 4,000 shops which dealt with westerners. The violence culminated on June 20, with the killing of the German Minister in Peking (Beijing). Some estimates, several hundred foreigners and several thousand Chinese Christians were killed during this time. Factors such as drought and poverty led the Chinese to believe that the ‘mandate of heaven’ had been lostRead More The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algerias Independence4181 Words   |  17 Pagesgovernment of the time considered all Algerian violence, including violence against the French military, to be crimes or terrorism, some French people, such as former anti-Nazi guerrilla and lawyer(Jacques Verges) have compared French resistance to Nazi German occupation to Algerian resistance to French occupation. 2. The struggle was touched off by the FLN in 1954, only two years before France was forced to give up its control over Tunisia and Morocco. The FLNs main Algerian rival — with the sameRead MoreEssay on President Woodrow Wilson4339 Words   |  18 Pagesplans were being made, Wilson suffered a blood vessel burst in May of 1906 that left him blind in one eye. His doctor told him it was caused by hypertension. Wilson had suffered sporadic illnesses throughout his life, but from 1906 on, his physical condition became a serious hindrance. While vacationing in Bermuda in 1907, Wilson met Mary Allen Peck, an unhappily married woman. Wilson became very close to Peck and visited her regularly, discomforting his wife. It is not clear whether or not the twoRead MoreIb History Rise of the Single State Parties6245 Words   |  25 Pages-if short on time use a list and connect each source to the question, also include own knowledge Question 4 - Mini Essay Timeline -Paris Peace Conference 01/25/1919 ââ€"  Wilson’s 14 points 01/08/1918 ââ€"‹ self determination ââ€"  Germany accepted 14 points on 10/23/1918 ââ€"  World War I armistice 11/11/1918 ââ€"  Delegations ââ€"‹ Woodrow Wilson (US) - neutral, wanted to make peace, reductions of arms, no secret diplomacy ââ€"‹ Georges Clemenceau (France) - hated Germany ââ€"‹ David Lloyd George (GB) - allow Germany to recover

Should Smoking Be Banned Public Places - 885 Words

One day I walk into public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigarette. Smoking is a big health problem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topic majority of customers stood with their physical powerful opening on top of should they smoke cigarette be supposed to be permitted inside a public place. The public has recognized two people resolve you in understanding behavior, whether they believe it is not unsafe otherwise. Also they ban smoking inside public places I really take that anybody should hang around smoker like smoke cigarette include having self discipline. Furthermore ban smoking public places can affect economic troub le inside the business because bars, cafes, and restaurants being in public places take inside smoker. Also reduce within customers, outcome during refuse income. Furthermore it’s a good idea to ban smoking public places would improve control the unsafe toxin in our air implement the bylaw in all places would be hard and boring to keep an eye on. The majority Americans include the ability to decide wherever they’d like to use them free instance. Though situations because allShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?941 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals get older they try to cope with the stresses of everyday life by continuing to smoking. It makes them feel more relaxed and at ease. Whatever the reason is, it is a hard habit to break once one starts. For many smokers today it is getting hard to find a place to smoke. Comedians joke about going to another planet just to light up. Smoking should be banned in public places because smoking is just as ba d for nonsmokers as it is for smokers. The effects of secondhand smoke orRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?864 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is one of the practices which is considered highly dangerous to our health because it impacts the smoker and the people around them. There are approximately one billion smokers. Smoking is a big issue that the nonsmoker faces. For example, when the smokers smoke in public places like restaurants, universities and other public places it hurts the non-smoker. The non-smoker breathing the cigarette, marijuana or hookah smoke from the smoker do both of them are breathing toxic chemicals. In aRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?950 Words   |  4 Pagesday I walk in to public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigarette. Smoking is a big health p roblem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topicRead MoreSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Essay474 Words   |  2 PagesSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned I feel very strongly that smoking in public places should be banned. I will list my reasons for my thinking below and explain why I think this. I cannot stand walking down a street behind someone who is smoking. Every time they exhale I then have to walk into a cloud of their smoke. My clothes smell, because they have been saturated with the smoke, it gets into my hair too. It also affects my health. It was found that sevenRead MoreEssay on Smoking In Public Places Should Be Banned463 Words   |  2 PagesSmoking In Public Places Should Be Banned There should be rules enforced for smoking in public places. Smokers just do not know the negative influence they are spreading. A puff of cigarette can harm a smokers health. When I go to a restaurant I do not like to leave smelling like smoke. It is the same going to a garbage dump, and smelling like garbage. I am not a smoker, and I cannot stand having the stench of smoke on my clothes. The smell of smoke is not harmful, but secondhand smoke isRead MoreSmoking Should be Banned in Public Places Essays1464 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the past few decades it has come to light that smoking kills. The federal government mandates that every pack of cigarettes carry a warning on it that smoking can lead to health problems including death. But the messages are rather clinical, for example: â€Å"Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy.† Smoking is a danger to one’s own health but there is now evidence that smoking can affect others as well. Second hand smoke has been shown to cause cancerRead MoreEssay Smoking Should NOT Be Banned in Public Places730 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking Should Not Be Banned in Restaurants      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the perfect situation, smoking policy would be set by bar or restaurant owners, and customers would patronize the establishments with the policy they prefer. Customers would decide-without the governments help-if they want to avoid smoke-filled rooms or enter them. They might even choose to sit in an area sectioned off for smokers or non-smokers, but the ultimate issue is choice (Ruwart 1). When the government starts telling restaurantRead MoreEssay about Smoking In Public Places Should be Banned766 Words   |  4 Pages Do you mind people smoking around you in public places? According to the pro-smoking group Air Initiative 7 in 10 of you do. Do you think it is fair to discriminate against smokers, forcing them to stand outside and smoke? On the other hand is it fair that non-smokers should have to inhale second hand smoke which can dame their health? (Do you support this ban or do you oppose it?) Personally I oppose it as I believe that non-smokers shouldn†™t be subjected to a smoky environment on a night out.Read MoreNationwide Smoking Ban: Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places899 Words   |  4 Pagesthe public about its dangers in 1972 (Schick Glantz, 2005). Do people knowingly have the right to put others’ health at risk? No, they do not. Exposure to cigarette smoke is a public health risk. Therefore, smoking should be banned in all public places, nationwide. There has been no attempt to impose a national smoking ban by the U.S. government. All current bans are in place because of state and local legislation. Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights lists the various state and local smoking lawsRead MoreEssay about Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places1133 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Should be Banned in All Public Places Every year thousands of people die because of having cancer or other tobacco related illnesses due to smoking. Smoking is seen everywhere from our own television screens to even the world wide web; the internet. Tobacco is the substance that is in these cigarettes. These tobacco products are promoted through tobacco ads that are found almost everywhere you turn. They are in magazines, television screens, on the internet

Meno’s Dialogue Free Essays

I have always been fascinated at the idea of the saying: â€Å"if at first you don’t succeed, try try again. † Learning to me has always been upon the idea of problem solving, that we must attempt to figure out the truth while stumbling upon questions and false answers. In Meno’s dialogue with Socrates, Meno attempts to ask Socrates if virtue can be acquired. We will write a custom essay sample on Meno’s Dialogue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Expecting a bold and grand statement as heard upon by his sophist peers from Thessaly, Meno was amazed to hear that Socrates had no clue to his question, even going further by stating that Socrates hasn’t met anyone who knows what virtue is. While in their quest to find out if virtue can be acquired by teaching, they struggle through the logic behind it. Meno points out by defining virtue as a list: â€Å"there will be no difficulty, Socrates, in answering your question. Let us take first the virtue of a man-he should know how to administer the state, and in the administration of it to benefit his friends and harm his enemies. A woman’s virtue, if you wish to know about that, may also be easily described her duty is to order her house, and keep what is indoors, and obey her husband. Every age, every condition of life, young or old, male or female, bond or free, has a different virtue: there are virtues numberless, and no lack of definitions of them; for virtue is relative to the actions and ages of each of us in all that we do†. But Socrates manages to debunk this error with his example of Meno’s list of virtues being like a swarm of bees. A second attempt by Meno makes the same mistake as the first, as Meno manages to say that health is a virtue: â€Å"I should say that health is the same, both in man and woman. A third attempt at defining what virtue also comes up empty handed. After coming up with no luck, Meno states that he feels numb and confused, and this is known in the story as paradox of inquiry. The paradox states that learning isn’t possible, because you either know what you’re looking for or you do not. But rather than being arrogant or simply giving up, Meno manages to listen to what Socrates is about to teach him, unlike the old and conceited politician Anytus, who is insulted after Socrates debunks his theory of â€Å"talking to any gentleman on the streets of Athens to see true irtue† by explaining that not all the sons of well-respected Athenian men turned out to be perfect and well off. Thus, both Socrates and Meno are problem solving to find out if virtue can be taught to an individual by using one of Meno’s slaveboy as an example. Socrates then manages to draw a square with four equal sections and asks the slave to find the length of the side of a square that has an area that’s double in size. As the slave incorrectly attempts to answer time after time the correct answer, it proves to us something about how learning proceeds. The slaveboy manages to figure out the correct answer with Socrates only telling him hints to figure out the problem. We ultimately are not stuck in a paradox and learning is possible by constantly using the dialectic method, that is, constantly questioning oneself. What does all this mean for the nature of reasoning or logos and its importance in coming to know things? It ultimately shows us that mankind wonders for things and are willing to learn, even if they are unknown to them. Even in the ancient days of Athens, people were curious to learn and obtain new knowledge. The way people learn is by through dialectic method, as I mentioned earlier, to have back and forth discussion with your arguer or yourself until you have come to right conclusion or answer. As we have with the slaveboy, he repeatedly wondered and questioned himself until he manages to stumble upon the correct answer, rather than being spoonfed by Socrates. A common analogy to this story I grew up with that’s common to me is the education system I went through in Indonesia and here in the United States. In Indonesia, learning and being spoonfed are both intertwined, as teachers would give you the answer to the questions ahead of time and students are supposed to regurgitate the information back. Here in the United States, more critical thinking comes into play into the education I got here, I was forced to think through for my answers rather than the teacher giving me the answer. As in the story of Meno, such dialectic reasoning or critical thinking is prevalent in trying to find out the truth. How to cite Meno’s Dialogue, Papers

Construction Of Apartment In Calgary Risk †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Construction Of Apartment In Calgary Risk? Answer: Introducation The project mainly deals with the construction of an apartment in Calagary. It is identified that during the construction of an apartment, the project manager faces number of risks as well as challenges. In order to resolve the challenges, the project manager needs to adopt several methods or plan. Therefore, in this paper, the project risk register is illustrated in order to reflect on various types of risks that the project manager faces during construction. The paper also analyses project risk in order to develop risk response plan for resolving the challenges that are faced during construction of the apartment. Project risk register Project phase Name of the risk Risk description Likelihood of the risk (1-5) Consequence of the risk (1-5) Nature of the risk Control measures Control effectiveness Initiation phase 1. Incorrect background analysis of the project If the background of the project is not analyzed appropriately then the stakeholders of the project will face difficulty in understanding the need of constructing the apartment. 3 2 Negative The background of the project must be analyzed properly. Low 2. Inappropriate appointment of team members If the team member who are appointed for the construction project are not effective for completing the project then the project progress can be obstructed. 4 5 Negative Appropriate appointment of team members Medium 3. Improper creation of project plan If the project plan is not created then the project managers will face difficulty in working with the project 3 4 Negative Project plan must be created properly so that the requirement of the project became clear Medium 4. Lack of resources If the resources that are assigned to the project are not appropriate then the project managers are unable to complete the project on time. 3 4 Negative The resources must be estimated properly and as per the need of the project appropriate requirement must be assigned. High 5. Lack of proper management If the management of the organization are unable to manage the project then the project managers will face difficulty in executing the project on time. 4 5 Negative Proper management must be present for managing the project of construction. high 6 Extension of the scope of the project The scope of the project is extended in order to enhance the quality of the project but it enhances both budgets as well as project time. 5 4 Positive New project scope must be incorporated by managing both budget as well as time. Medium Planning phase 1. Inappropriate budget analysis If the budget of the project is not analyzed appropriately then the organization will face financial problems. 4 5 Negative The budget of the project must be estimated correctly. High 2.Inappropriate time analysis Inappropriate time analysis leads to extension of the project schedule that further enhances the project budget 5 4 Negative The time that is needed for completing the project must be estimated properly. High 3. Improper risk analysis If the risk of the project are not analyzed properly then the project manager will face difficulty in completing the project 4 5 Negative The risk related with the project must be analyzed properly. Medium 4. Inappropriate communication plan If the project does not have appropriate communication plan then the entire project will not be executed on time. 3 4 Negative Proper preparation of communication plan. Medium 5. Improper management system If the management system of the organization is not proper then it is quite difficult to manage the entire project. 3 4 Negative Proper management system must used for managing the project. Medium 6. Incorporating features within the project If the project manager incorporate new feature within the project then the estimated time of the project will extend. 3 4 Positive Incorporation of new features must be done before the planning phase of the project. Medium Implementation phase 1.Inappropriate design If the design of the project is not completed properly then the project managers will face difficulty in constructing the apartment. 4 5 Negative The design of the project must be completed effectively as entire project is dependent on the design High 2. Improper raw materials If the raw materials that are used are not appropriate the project managers will face problem 3 4 Negative The raw materials must be selected properly after consulting with the construction engineer. Medium 3. Technical problems on site If the site have some technical issue then it is very much difficult to execute the construction project 4 4 Negative The problems on the site must be resolved. Medium 4. Inappropriate security If the workers of the construction project are not provided appropriate security then they will not perform well. 4 3 Negative Appropriate strategies must be implemented for providing security to the workers. Medium 5. In appropriate work experience of the workers If the workers are not experienced then they will not be able to complete the task on time. 4 3 Negative The workers must be hired with appropriate experience High 6. Changing workers The workers must be changed in the organization for managing the work properly but it can extend the project schedule and well as budget. 4 5 Positive The workers must be changed by analyzing its impact. High Closure phase 1. Inappropriate achievement of the outcome If the project outcome is not achieved then the project will became useless. 5 4 Negative Appropriate achievement of the project outcome must be done by managing the project properly. High 2.Need of budget extension Budget extension can create number of challenges before the organization 3 2 Negative The budget must be extended after the implementation phase Low 3. Improper knowledge of the stakeholders If the stakeholders does not have proper knowledge about the importance of the project then it will be quite difficult to execute the project 3 4 Negative The stakeholders must be provided proper knowledge about the usefulness of the project Medium 4. Incomplete documentation Inappropriate documentation create number of problems before the project managers 3 3 Negative Proper documentation must be created. Low 5.Inappropriate execution of the project If the project is not executed properly then appropriate objective will not be provided 3 2 Negative Proper execution of the project after estimating both time and budget Medium 6.Extension of the project The project must not be extended after the implementation phase 2 3 Positive The extension of the project must be done before the implementation phase. Low Project risk analysis Phase Risk name Risk factors Probability Impact Control Mechanism Initiation phase 1.Incorrect background analysis of the project 1. Incorrect analysis 2. Inappropriate information Low Medium 1. Proper analysis 2. Proper collection of information 2.Inappropriate appointment of team members 1.Inappropriate selection of team members 2. Improper recruitment Medium High 1.Appropriate recruitment 2.Proper experienced workers must be recruited 3.Improper creation of project plan 1. Improper information about project plan 2.Inappropriate creation of project plan Medium high 1. Proper creation of project plan 2. Proper information about project I used 4.Lack of resources 1. Inappropriate resource collection 2. inappropriate knowledge about the project need High Medium 1. Proper information about the project must be collected 2. Appropriate collection of resources. 5. Lack of proper management 1. Improper management system 2.Inappropriate management strategy high High 1. Utilization of proper management strategy 6. Extension of the scope of the project 1. Due to incorporation of new project objective 2. Due to addition of new feature Medium Medium 1.Incorporation of new objective must be done effectively. Planning phase 1.Inappropriate budget analysis 1. Improper budget analysis High Medium 1. The analysis of the project must be analyzed properly. 2.Inappropriate time analysis 1. Improper time estimation High High 1. Time must be estimated properly. 3.Improper risk analysis 1.Inappropriate risk analysis Medium Medium 1. The risk of the project must be analyzed properly 4.Inappropriate communication plan `1.Improper creation of communication plan Medium Medium 1. Communication plan must be created properly. 5.Improper management system 1. Improper system for managing project Medium Medium 1. The project must be managed properly. 6.Incorporating features within the project 1. New features are added in the project Medium Low 1. New features must be added by estimating both budget and time. Implementation phase 1. Inappropriate design 1. Improper project High Medium 1. Design of the project must be done correctly 2.Improper raw materials 1.Inappropriate collection of raw material Medium High 1. Appropriate collection of raw material 3.Technical problems on site 1. Technical difficulties on site Medium Medium 1. Technical difficulties must be resolved. 4.Inappropriate security 1. Improper security to the workers Medium High 1. Proper security must be provided to the workers. 5.In appropriate work experience of the workers 1. Improper recruitment High High 1.Proper recruitment of experienced workers 6.Changing workers 1. Due to inappropriate work progress High High 1. The workers are changed after estimating time and budget Closure phase 1.Inappropriate achievement of the outcome 1. Due to improper project progress High Medium 1. Progressing the project properly 2. Need of budget extension 1. Addition of new feature Low Low 1. New feature should not be added. 3.Improper knowledge of the stakeholders 1. Improper analysis on the project Medium Medium 1.Proper project analysis 4. Incomplete documentation 1. Incomplete creation of document Low Low 1.Proper creation of documentation 5.Inappropriate execution of the project Improper execution Medium Medium 1. Proper execution of the project 6. Extension of the project Due to inappropriate progress of the project Low Low 1. Appropriate project progress. Risk response plan Phases Risk Probability of occurring Impact on objective Agreed responses Current status Initiation phase 1. Incorrect background analysis of the project Low Medium Mitigation Progress 2. Inappropriate appointment of team members Medium High Mitigation Progress 3. Improper creation of project plan Medium high Mitigation Not yet implemented 4. Lack of resources High Medium Mitigation Progress 5. Lack of proper management high High Mitigation Progress 6 Extension of the scope of the project Medium Medium Avoidance Progress Planning phase 1. Inappropriate budget analysis High Medium Mitigation Progress 2.Inappropriate time analysis High High Mitigation Progress 3. Improper risk analysis Medium Medium Mitigation Progress 4. Inappropriate communication plan Medium Medium Avoided Not yet implemented 5. Improper management system Medium Medium Mitigation Progress 6. Incorporating features within the project Medium Low Acceptance Progress Implementation phase 1.Inappropriate design High Medium Mitigation Progress 2. Improper raw materials Medium High Mitigation Progress 3. Technical problems on site Medium Medium Avoided Progress 4. Inappropriate security Medium High Mitigation Not yet implemented 5. In appropriate work experience of the workers High High Mitigation Progress 6. Changing workers High High Acceptance Progress Closure phase 1. Inappropriate achievement of the outcome High Medium Avoided Progress 2.Need of budget extension Low Low Mitigation Not yet implemented 3. Improper knowledge of the stakeholders Medium Medium Acceptance Progress 4. Incomplete documentation Low Low Mitigation Not yet implemented 5.Inappropriate execution of the project Medium Medium Avoided Progress 6.Extension of the project Low Low Acceptance Not yet implemented References Azhar, S., Khalfan, M. and Maqsood, T., 2015. Building information modelling (BIM): now and beyond.Construction Economics and Building,12(4), pp.15-28. Bryde, D., Broquetas, M. and Volm, J.M., 2013. The project benefits of building information modelling (BIM).International journal of project management,31(7), pp.971-980. Hwang, B.G., Zhao, X. and Toh, L.P., 2014. Risk management in small construction projects in Singapore: status, barriers and impact.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.116-124. Kaplinski, O., 2013. Risk management of construction works by means of the utility theory: A case study.Procedia Engineering,57, pp.533-539. Kardes, I., Ozturk, A., Cavusgil, S.T. and Cavusgil, E., 2013. Managing global megaprojects: Complexity and risk management.International Business Review,22(6), pp.905-917. Kelly, J., Male, S. and Graham, D., 2014.Value management of construction projects. John Wiley Sons. Kibert, C.J., 2016.Sustainable construction: green building design and delivery. John Wiley Sons. Kikwasi, G., 2013, February. Causes and effects of delays and disruptions in construction projects in Tanzania. InAustralasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building-Conference Series(Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 52-59). Osipova, E. and Eriksson, P.E., 2013. Balancing control and flexibility in joint risk management: Lessons learned from two construction projects.International Journal of Project Management,31(3), pp.391-399. Potts, K. and Ankrah, N., 2014.Construction cost management: learning from case studies. Routledge. Rowlinson, S., YunyanJia, A., Li, B. and ChuanjingJu, C., 2014. Management of climatic heat stress risk in construction: a review of practices, methodologies, and future research.Accident Analysis Prevention,66, pp.187-198. Serpell, A., Ferrada, X. and Rubio, N.L., 2017. Fostering the effective usage of risk management in construction.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,23(7), pp.858-867. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Zhang, S., Teizer, J., Lee, J.K., Eastman, C.M. and Venugopal, M., 2013. Building information modeling (BIM) and safety: Automatic safety checking of construction models and schedules.Automation in Construction,29, pp.183-195. Zhao, X., Hwang, B.G. and Phng, W., 2014. Construction project risk management in Singapore: resources, effectiveness, impact, and understanding.KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,18(1), p.27. Zou, Y., Kiviniemi, A. and Jones, S.W., 2017. A review of risk management through BIM and BIM-related technologies.Safety science,97, pp.88-98.

Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man Example For Students

Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences. That is the definition of a Renaissance man. Leonardo ability to observe and study, then demonstrate those things in his art, makes him a perfect example of a renaissance man. Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest inventors. He was also one of the most famous scientists of recorded history. His genius was limited by time and technology, and was driven by his curiosity, and his instinctive sense of the laws of nature. Dad Vinci was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, and his contributions to science and technology were legendary. As the classic Renaissance man, Leonardo helped set a curious and superstitious world on the means of reason, science, learning, and tolerance. In his time, he was an internationally famous inventor, scientist, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologist, biologist, and philosopher. In an era when left-handedness was considered the devils work and lefties were often forced to use their right hand, Leonardo actually used his left hand. We will write a custom essay on Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People say that this difference was an element of his genius, since his mind allowed him to see beyond the ordinary. He even wrote backwards, and his writings are easily deciphered only with a mirror. Between 1490 and 1495 he developed his habit of recording his studies in illustrated notebooks. His work covered four main themes: painting, architecture, the elements of mechanics, and human anatomy. All one hundred twenty of his notebooks were written backwards. Today, Bill Gates is known o have bought one of his notebooks for thirty million dollars. Born in 1452, as an illegitimate son of Seer Piper Dad Vinci, Leonardo was sent to Florence in his teens to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Veronica. He quickly developed his own artistic style which was unique and contrary to tradition. He even went so far as to make his own special formula of paint. Leonardo went beyond his teachings by making a scientific study of light and shadow in nature. The thought that objects were not comprised of outlines, but were actually three- dimensional bodies defined by light and shadow. Known as chiaroscuro, this technique gave his paintings the soft, lifelike quality that made older paintings look cartoons and flat. He also saw that an objects detail and color changed as it went father and closer in the distance. This technique was called suffuse. His study of nature and anatomy emerged in his realistic paintings, and his dissections of the human body made him famous for remarkably accurate figures. He was the first artist to study the physical proportions of men, women and children and to use these studies to determine the ideal human figure. Leonardo was also a bought caged animals at the market Just to set them free. Later Dad Vinci became the court artist for the duke of Milan. Throughout his life he also served various other roles, including civil engineer and architect (designing mechanical structures such as bridges and aqueducts), and military planner and weapons designer (designing tanks, catapults, machine guns, and naval weapons) Leonardo hated war, he called it beastly madness ,but since Renaissance Italy was constantly at war he couldnt avoid it. He designed numerous weapons, including sessile, multi-barreled machine guns, grenades, mortars, and even a modern-style tank. He drew the line, however, with his plans for an underwater breathing device, which he refused to reveal, saying that men would likely use it for evil in war. Leonardo dad Vinci had many innovative designs, scientific accomplishments, and artistic masterpieces. .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .postImageUrl , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:hover , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:visited , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:active { border:0!important; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:active , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Renaissance and Baroque comparisonSome of his innovative designs include: flying machines, parachutes, submarines, underwater breathing devices, self floatation/ocean rescue devices, swimming fins, pumping mechanisms, water turbines, dredging systems, team calorimeters, water-well drill, swing bridges, canals, leveling/surveying instruments, cranes, pulley systems, street-lighting systems, convection roasting spit, mechanical saw, treadle-operated lathe, compasses, contact lenses, and military weapons. Some of his famous scientific accomplishments include: proposing the earth rotates around the sun, proposing that the moons light is reflected sunlight, correctly explaining why sea shells are sometimes found miles inland on mountain tops, and creating the first textbook of human anatomy. And finally some of his great artistic masterpieces include: The Baptism of Christ, The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Adoration of the Three Kings. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 at the age of sixty seven. Legend has it that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardo head in his arms. Dad Vines creative, analytic, and visionary inventiveness has yet to be matched. Leonardo work made a lot of reason and it expressed the capabilities of the individual human mind. Leonardo dad Vinci is the perfect example of a renaissance man. Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man Example For Students Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences. That is the definition of a Renaissance man. Leonardo ability to observe and study, then demonstrate those things in his art, makes him a perfect example of a renaissance man. Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest inventors. He was also one of the most famous scientists of recorded history. His genius was limited by time and technology, and was driven by his curiosity, and his instinctive sense of the laws of nature. Dad Vinci was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, and his contributions to science and technology were legendary. As the classic Renaissance man, Leonardo helped set a curious and superstitious world on the means of reason, science, learning, and tolerance. In his time, he was an internationally famous inventor, scientist, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologist, biologist, and philosopher. In an era when left-handedness was considered the devils work and lefties were often forced to use their right hand, Leonardo actually used his left hand. We will write a custom essay on Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People say that this difference was an element of his genius, since his mind allowed him to see beyond the ordinary. He even wrote backwards, and his writings are easily deciphered only with a mirror. Between 1490 and 1495 he developed his habit of recording his studies in illustrated notebooks. His work covered four main themes: painting, architecture, the elements of mechanics, and human anatomy. All one hundred twenty of his notebooks were written backwards. Today, Bill Gates is known o have bought one of his notebooks for thirty million dollars. Born in 1452, as an illegitimate son of Seer Piper Dad Vinci, Leonardo was sent to Florence in his teens to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Veronica. He quickly developed his own artistic style which was unique and contrary to tradition. He even went so far as to make his own special formula of paint. Leonardo went beyond his teachings by making a scientific study of light and shadow in nature. The thought that objects were not comprised of outlines, but were actually three- dimensional bodies defined by light and shadow. Known as chiaroscuro, this technique gave his paintings the soft, lifelike quality that made older paintings look cartoons and flat. He also saw that an objects detail and color changed as it went father and closer in the distance. This technique was called suffuse. His study of nature and anatomy emerged in his realistic paintings, and his dissections of the human body made him famous for remarkably accurate figures. He was the first artist to study the physical proportions of men, women and children and to use these studies to determine the ideal human figure. Leonardo was also a bought caged animals at the market Just to set them free. Later Dad Vinci became the court artist for the duke of Milan. Throughout his life he also served various other roles, including civil engineer and architect (designing mechanical structures such as bridges and aqueducts), and military planner and weapons designer (designing tanks, catapults, machine guns, and naval weapons) Leonardo hated war, he called it beastly madness ,but since Renaissance Italy was constantly at war he couldnt avoid it. He designed numerous weapons, including sessile, multi-barreled machine guns, grenades, mortars, and even a modern-style tank. He drew the line, however, with his plans for an underwater breathing device, which he refused to reveal, saying that men would likely use it for evil in war. Leonardo dad Vinci had many innovative designs, scientific accomplishments, and artistic masterpieces. .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .postImageUrl , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:hover , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:visited , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:active { border:0!important; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:active , .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafc6d1d4b02b804e6ae3a6209e86ce3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Renaissance and Baroque comparisonSome of his innovative designs include: flying machines, parachutes, submarines, underwater breathing devices, self floatation/ocean rescue devices, swimming fins, pumping mechanisms, water turbines, dredging systems, team calorimeters, water-well drill, swing bridges, canals, leveling/surveying instruments, cranes, pulley systems, street-lighting systems, convection roasting spit, mechanical saw, treadle-operated lathe, compasses, contact lenses, and military weapons. Some of his famous scientific accomplishments include: proposing the earth rotates around the sun, proposing that the moons light is reflected sunlight, correctly explaining why sea shells are sometimes found miles inland on mountain tops, and creating the first textbook of human anatomy. And finally some of his great artistic masterpieces include: The Baptism of Christ, The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Adoration of the Three Kings. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 at the age of sixty seven. Legend has it that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardo head in his arms. Dad Vines creative, analytic, and visionary inventiveness has yet to be matched. Leonardo work made a lot of reason and it expressed the capabilities of the individual human mind. Leonardo dad Vinci is the perfect example of a renaissance man. Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man Example For Students Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences. That is the definition of a Renaissance man. Leonardo ability to observe and study, then demonstrate those things in his art, makes him a perfect example of a renaissance man. Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest inventors. He was also one of the most famous scientists of recorded history. His genius was limited by time and technology, and was driven by his curiosity, and his instinctive sense of the laws of nature. Dad Vinci was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, and his contributions to science and technology were legendary. As the classic Renaissance man, Leonardo helped set a curious and superstitious world on the means of reason, science, learning, and tolerance. In his time, he was an internationally famous inventor, scientist, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologist, biologist, and philosopher. In an era when left-handedness was considered the devils work and lefties were often forced to use their right hand, Leonardo actually used his left hand. We will write a custom essay on Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People say that this difference was an element of his genius, since his mind allowed him to see beyond the ordinary. He even wrote backwards, and his writings are easily deciphered only with a mirror. Between 1490 and 1495 he developed his habit of recording his studies in illustrated notebooks. His work covered four main themes: painting, architecture, the elements of mechanics, and human anatomy. All one hundred twenty of his notebooks were written backwards. Today, Bill Gates is known o have bought one of his notebooks for thirty million dollars. Born in 1452, as an illegitimate son of Seer Piper Dad Vinci, Leonardo was sent to Florence in his teens to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Veronica. He quickly developed his own artistic style which was unique and contrary to tradition. He even went so far as to make his own special formula of paint. Leonardo went beyond his teachings by making a scientific study of light and shadow in nature. The thought that objects were not comprised of outlines, but were actually three- dimensional bodies defined by light and shadow. Known as chiaroscuro, this technique gave his paintings the soft, lifelike quality that made older paintings look cartoons and flat. He also saw that an objects detail and color changed as it went father and closer in the distance. This technique was called suffuse. His study of nature and anatomy emerged in his realistic paintings, and his dissections of the human body made him famous for remarkably accurate figures. He was the first artist to study the physical proportions of men, women and children and to use these studies to determine the ideal human figure. Leonardo was also a bought caged animals at the market Just to set them free. Later Dad Vinci became the court artist for the duke of Milan. Throughout his life he also served various other roles, including civil engineer and architect (designing mechanical structures such as bridges and aqueducts), and military planner and weapons designer (designing tanks, catapults, machine guns, and naval weapons) Leonardo hated war, he called it beastly madness ,but since Renaissance Italy was constantly at war he couldnt avoid it. He designed numerous weapons, including sessile, multi-barreled machine guns, grenades, mortars, and even a modern-style tank. He drew the line, however, with his plans for an underwater breathing device, which he refused to reveal, saying that men would likely use it for evil in war. Leonardo dad Vinci had many innovative designs, scientific accomplishments, and artistic masterpieces. .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .postImageUrl , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:hover , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:visited , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:active { border:0!important; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:active , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison Between Medieval and Renaissance ArtSome of his innovative designs include: flying machines, parachutes, submarines, underwater breathing devices, self floatation/ocean rescue devices, swimming fins, pumping mechanisms, water turbines, dredging systems, team calorimeters, water-well drill, swing bridges, canals, leveling/surveying instruments, cranes, pulley systems, street-lighting systems, convection roasting spit, mechanical saw, treadle-operated lathe, compasses, contact lenses, and military weapons. Some of his famous scientific accomplishments include: proposing the earth rotates around the sun, proposing that the moons light is reflected sunlight, correctly explaining why sea shells are sometimes found miles inland on mountain tops, and creating the first textbook of human anatomy. And finally some of his great artistic masterpieces include: The Baptism of Christ, The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Adoration of the Three Kings. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 at the age of sixty seven. Legend has it that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardo head in his arms. Dad Vines creative, analytic, and visionary inventiveness has yet to be matched. Leonardo work made a lot of reason and it expressed the capabilities of the individual human mind. Leonardo dad Vinci is the perfect example of a renaissance man. Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man Example For Students Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences. That is the definition of a Renaissance man. Leonardo ability to observe and study, then demonstrate those things in his art, makes him a perfect example of a renaissance man. Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest inventors. He was also one of the most famous scientists of recorded history. His genius was limited by time and technology, and was driven by his curiosity, and his instinctive sense of the laws of nature. Dad Vinci was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, and his contributions to science and technology were legendary. As the classic Renaissance man, Leonardo helped set a curious and superstitious world on the means of reason, science, learning, and tolerance. In his time, he was an internationally famous inventor, scientist, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologist, biologist, and philosopher. In an era when left-handedness was considered the devils work and lefties were often forced to use their right hand, Leonardo actually used his left hand. We will write a custom essay on Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People say that this difference was an element of his genius, since his mind allowed him to see beyond the ordinary. He even wrote backwards, and his writings are easily deciphered only with a mirror. Between 1490 and 1495 he developed his habit of recording his studies in illustrated notebooks. His work covered four main themes: painting, architecture, the elements of mechanics, and human anatomy. All one hundred twenty of his notebooks were written backwards. Today, Bill Gates is known o have bought one of his notebooks for thirty million dollars. Born in 1452, as an illegitimate son of Seer Piper Dad Vinci, Leonardo was sent to Florence in his teens to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Veronica. He quickly developed his own artistic style which was unique and contrary to tradition. He even went so far as to make his own special formula of paint. Leonardo went beyond his teachings by making a scientific study of light and shadow in nature. The thought that objects were not comprised of outlines, but were actually three- dimensional bodies defined by light and shadow. Known as chiaroscuro, this technique gave his paintings the soft, lifelike quality that made older paintings look cartoons and flat. He also saw that an objects detail and color changed as it went father and closer in the distance. This technique was called suffuse. His study of nature and anatomy emerged in his realistic paintings, and his dissections of the human body made him famous for remarkably accurate figures. He was the first artist to study the physical proportions of men, women and children and to use these studies to determine the ideal human figure. Leonardo was also a bought caged animals at the market Just to set them free. Later Dad Vinci became the court artist for the duke of Milan. Throughout his life he also served various other roles, including civil engineer and architect (designing mechanical structures such as bridges and aqueducts), and military planner and weapons designer (designing tanks, catapults, machine guns, and naval weapons) Leonardo hated war, he called it beastly madness ,but since Renaissance Italy was constantly at war he couldnt avoid it. He designed numerous weapons, including sessile, multi-barreled machine guns, grenades, mortars, and even a modern-style tank. He drew the line, however, with his plans for an underwater breathing device, which he refused to reveal, saying that men would likely use it for evil in war. Leonardo dad Vinci had many innovative designs, scientific accomplishments, and artistic masterpieces. .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .postImageUrl , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:hover , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:visited , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:active { border:0!important; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:active , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison Between Medieval and Renaissance ArtSome of his innovative designs include: flying machines, parachutes, submarines, underwater breathing devices, self floatation/ocean rescue devices, swimming fins, pumping mechanisms, water turbines, dredging systems, team calorimeters, water-well drill, swing bridges, canals, leveling/surveying instruments, cranes, pulley systems, street-lighting systems, convection roasting spit, mechanical saw, treadle-operated lathe, compasses, contact lenses, and military weapons. Some of his famous scientific accomplishments include: proposing the earth rotates around the sun, proposing that the moons light is reflected sunlight, correctly explaining why sea shells are sometimes found miles inland on mountain tops, and creating the first textbook of human anatomy. And finally some of his great artistic masterpieces include: The Baptism of Christ, The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Adoration of the Three Kings. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 at the age of sixty seven. Legend has it that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardo head in his arms. Dad Vines creative, analytic, and visionary inventiveness has yet to be matched. Leonardo work made a lot of reason and it expressed the capabilities of the individual human mind. Leonardo dad Vinci is the perfect example of a renaissance man. Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man Example For Students Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences. That is the definition of a Renaissance man. Leonardo ability to observe and study, then demonstrate those things in his art, makes him a perfect example of a renaissance man. Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest inventors. He was also one of the most famous scientists of recorded history. His genius was limited by time and technology, and was driven by his curiosity, and his instinctive sense of the laws of nature. Dad Vinci was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, and his contributions to science and technology were legendary. As the classic Renaissance man, Leonardo helped set a curious and superstitious world on the means of reason, science, learning, and tolerance. In his time, he was an internationally famous inventor, scientist, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologist, biologist, and philosopher. In an era when left-handedness was considered the devils work and lefties were often forced to use their right hand, Leonardo actually used his left hand. We will write a custom essay on Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People say that this difference was an element of his genius, since his mind allowed him to see beyond the ordinary. He even wrote backwards, and his writings are easily deciphered only with a mirror. Between 1490 and 1495 he developed his habit of recording his studies in illustrated notebooks. His work covered four main themes: painting, architecture, the elements of mechanics, and human anatomy. All one hundred twenty of his notebooks were written backwards. Today, Bill Gates is known o have bought one of his notebooks for thirty million dollars. Born in 1452, as an illegitimate son of Seer Piper Dad Vinci, Leonardo was sent to Florence in his teens to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Veronica. He quickly developed his own artistic style which was unique and contrary to tradition. He even went so far as to make his own special formula of paint. Leonardo went beyond his teachings by making a scientific study of light and shadow in nature. The thought that objects were not comprised of outlines, but were actually three- dimensional bodies defined by light and shadow. Known as chiaroscuro, this technique gave his paintings the soft, lifelike quality that made older paintings look cartoons and flat. He also saw that an objects detail and color changed as it went father and closer in the distance. This technique was called suffuse. His study of nature and anatomy emerged in his realistic paintings, and his dissections of the human body made him famous for remarkably accurate figures. He was the first artist to study the physical proportions of men, women and children and to use these studies to determine the ideal human figure. Leonardo was also a bought caged animals at the market Just to set them free. Later Dad Vinci became the court artist for the duke of Milan. Throughout his life he also served various other roles, including civil engineer and architect (designing mechanical structures such as bridges and aqueducts), and military planner and weapons designer (designing tanks, catapults, machine guns, and naval weapons) Leonardo hated war, he called it beastly madness ,but since Renaissance Italy was constantly at war he couldnt avoid it. He designed numerous weapons, including sessile, multi-barreled machine guns, grenades, mortars, and even a modern-style tank. He drew the line, however, with his plans for an underwater breathing device, which he refused to reveal, saying that men would likely use it for evil in war. Leonardo dad Vinci had many innovative designs, scientific accomplishments, and artistic masterpieces. .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .postImageUrl , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:hover , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:visited , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:active { border:0!important; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:active , .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1 .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf0d35e59df7d90e13f34badae51a71b1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison Between Medieval and Renaissance ArtSome of his innovative designs include: flying machines, parachutes, submarines, underwater breathing devices, self floatation/ocean rescue devices, swimming fins, pumping mechanisms, water turbines, dredging systems, team calorimeters, water-well drill, swing bridges, canals, leveling/surveying instruments, cranes, pulley systems, street-lighting systems, convection roasting spit, mechanical saw, treadle-operated lathe, compasses, contact lenses, and military weapons. Some of his famous scientific accomplishments include: proposing the earth rotates around the sun, proposing that the moons light is reflected sunlight, correctly explaining why sea shells are sometimes found miles inland on mountain tops, and creating the first textbook of human anatomy. And finally some of his great artistic masterpieces include: The Baptism of Christ, The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Adoration of the Three Kings. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 at the age of sixty seven. Legend has it that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardo head in his arms. Dad Vines creative, analytic, and visionary inventiveness has yet to be matched. Leonardo work made a lot of reason and it expressed the capabilities of the individual human mind. Leonardo dad Vinci is the perfect example of a renaissance man. Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man Example For Students Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences. That is the definition of a Renaissance man. Leonardo ability to observe and study, then demonstrate those things in his art, makes him a perfect example of a renaissance man. Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest inventors. He was also one of the most famous scientists of recorded history. His genius was limited by time and technology, and was driven by his curiosity, and his instinctive sense of the laws of nature. Dad Vinci was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, and his contributions to science and technology were legendary. As the classic Renaissance man, Leonardo helped set a curious and superstitious world on the means of reason, science, learning, and tolerance. In his time, he was an internationally famous inventor, scientist, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologist, biologist, and philosopher. In an era when left-handedness was considered the devils work and lefties were often forced to use their right hand, Leonardo actually used his left hand. We will write a custom essay on Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People say that this difference was an element of his genius, since his mind allowed him to see beyond the ordinary. He even wrote backwards, and his writings are easily deciphered only with a mirror. Between 1490 and 1495 he developed his habit of recording his studies in illustrated notebooks. His work covered four main themes: painting, architecture, the elements of mechanics, and human anatomy. All one hundred twenty of his notebooks were written backwards. Today, Bill Gates is known o have bought one of his notebooks for thirty million dollars. Born in 1452, as an illegitimate son of Seer Piper Dad Vinci, Leonardo was sent to Florence in his teens to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Veronica. He quickly developed his own artistic style which was unique and contrary to tradition. He even went so far as to make his own special formula of paint. Leonardo went beyond his teachings by making a scientific study of light and shadow in nature. The thought that objects were not comprised of outlines, but were actually three- dimensional bodies defined by light and shadow. Known as chiaroscuro, this technique gave his paintings the soft, lifelike quality that made older paintings look cartoons and flat. He also saw that an objects detail and color changed as it went father and closer in the distance. This technique was called suffuse. His study of nature and anatomy emerged in his realistic paintings, and his dissections of the human body made him famous for remarkably accurate figures. He was the first artist to study the physical proportions of men, women and children and to use these studies to determine the ideal human figure. Leonardo was also a bought caged animals at the market Just to set them free. Later Dad Vinci became the court artist for the duke of Milan. Throughout his life he also served various other roles, including civil engineer and architect (designing mechanical structures such as bridges and aqueducts), and military planner and weapons designer (designing tanks, catapults, machine guns, and naval weapons) Leonardo hated war, he called it beastly madness ,but since Renaissance Italy was constantly at war he couldnt avoid it. He designed numerous weapons, including sessile, multi-barreled machine guns, grenades, mortars, and even a modern-style tank. He drew the line, however, with his plans for an underwater breathing device, which he refused to reveal, saying that men would likely use it for evil in war. Leonardo dad Vinci had many innovative designs, scientific accomplishments, and artistic masterpieces. .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 , .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 .postImageUrl , .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 , .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428:hover , .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428:visited , .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428:active { border:0!important; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428:active , .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428 .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6a0fdfde740e19f88a26e0d725c5428:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: High Renaissance and Mannerism in Northern Europe and SpainSome of his innovative designs include: flying machines, parachutes, submarines, underwater breathing devices, self floatation/ocean rescue devices, swimming fins, pumping mechanisms, water turbines, dredging systems, team calorimeters, water-well drill, swing bridges, canals, leveling/surveying instruments, cranes, pulley systems, street-lighting systems, convection roasting spit, mechanical saw, treadle-operated lathe, compasses, contact lenses, and military weapons. Some of his famous scientific accomplishments include: proposing the earth rotates around the sun, proposing that the moons light is reflected sunlight, correctly explaining why sea shells are sometimes found miles inland on mountain tops, and creating the first textbook of human anatomy. And finally some of his great artistic masterpieces include: The Baptism of Christ, The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Adoration of the Three Kings. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 at the age of sixty seven. Legend has it that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardo head in his arms. Dad Vines creative, analytic, and visionary inventiveness has yet to be matched. Leonardo work made a lot of reason and it expressed the capabilities of the individual human mind. Leonardo dad Vinci is the perfect example of a renaissance man.

11 Funny Quotes About the Good Ol School Days

11 Funny Quotes About the Good Ol School Days Whats the best part of school life? Some would vouch for the great education, the great learning experience, the knowledge sharing, and other such scholarly pursuits. But many would admit that the best part of school life is all the fun one has. These funny school quotes will take you on a trip down memory lane. Share them with your school buddies and renew old ties. Funny School Quotes Beatrix PotterThank goodness I was never sent to school; it would have rubbed off some of the originality.William GlasserThere are only two places in the world where time takes precedence over the job to be done: school and prison.Jeff FoxworthyI have never been jealous. Not even when my dad finished fifth grade a year before I did.Will RogersThere is nothing so stupid as the educated man if you get him off the thing he was educated in.Heinrich HeineIf the Romans had been obliged to learn Latin, they would never have found time to conquer the world.Mark TwainIn the first place, God made idiots; that was for practice; then he made school boards.Woody AllenI was thrown out of college for cheating on the metaphysics exam: I looked into the soul of another boy.Will DurantEducation is a progressive discovery of your own ignorance.Albert EinsteinIt is a miracle that curiosity survives formal education.Norm CrosbyMy school was so tough the school newspaper had an obituary section.B. F. Skin nerEducation is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.

Summarize the article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summarize the article - Research Paper Example y events that configure fields enable the telling of new narratives and the way, these narratives can cause a change in organizations as well as institutional fields through domination, translation, and interpretation. Field-configuring events are such temporary social organizations that provide platforms for people to periodically assemble from diverse organizations and purposes to realize their common concerns and develop coordination among themselves. To achieve the objectives of the study, the authors collected documents on the POPs issue and a range of texts from different INC meetings. They also gathered major texts related to the Stockholm meetings as well as the DDT issue made and distributed outside meetings. This study was conducted using an exploratory case study to gather a holistic and elaborating understanding of the field-level organizational change. The rationale behind selection of this case is that it is well-documented with major texts created and distributed by the participants being mostly in the public domain. In addition to that, the conference format is useful because it represents a range of multilateral meetings conducted by many international agencies including the UN. The specific focus of the authors was upon the struggle over the practices of using DDT during this conference. DDT was selected for consideration because this chemical’s discussion was a major element of the conference that was also different from the discussions of the rest of the POPs. It seemed at the conference’s beginning that DDT would be deal with in a similar way to other POPs, but agreement upon the legal text established DDT as the only chemical that was intentionally produced with its use being restricted subject rather than eliminated to certain conditions. This is a very useful and informative article that touches upon very important topics of national as well as international concern. In spite of the fact that various limitations apply on this study,

Globalization debate Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization debate - Assignment Example Some of the major factors that have necessitated the globalization process include advances in telecommunication and transportation infrastructure, the emergence and prosperity of the internet and telegraph technology, etc. These factors have played an essential role in the process of generating independence in the form of cultural and economic activities. The globalization process continues to influence business practices in various ways. Some of them include production, supply chain management, and marketing. In addition, it also defines the process of management of employees in businesses across industries. The process of globalization describes different dynamic phenomena that share similarities in various elements. First, the process cuts across national boundaries into other regions found far and beyond. Secondly, it causes increased integration and interdependence in human societies across the world. The globalization process often results in increased flows in the factors of production, most of which include labor and capital, products in the form of services and goods,and technology in national economies (Bernard 2003, 68). Globalization plays an essential role in influencing employment practices and workers in different countries. This paper examines the concept of globalization, and influences employees and employee management systems in organizations in both the developed and developing countries. One of the chief channels by which globalization affect developing countries is the existing labor market. It is important to realize that competition in the provision of goods and services, exchange rates, direct investments, and different forms of capital movements play an important role in labor earnings and employment in developing countries. In the processing of becoming competitive, developing countries break their trade

Course Project - Annual Training Plan Term Paper

Course Project - Annual Training Plan - Term Paper Example All of these principles serve the body fitness requirements of the athletes in an appropriate manner. Let us now make use of these principles to develop a training program based on proper testing of a 22 years old football player. The athlete is 6 feet and 3 inches tall and he weighs 215lbs. we will include off-season, pre-season, and in-season schedules in the program. 12 Months Soccer Training Program I have divided the training program into 3 main sections, which include pre-season training, on-season training, and off-season training. Let us develop charts for each of these training sessions in order to get a detailed understanding of all exercises included in these sessions. Off-Season Training Schedule The off-season training program is of 10 weeks for my athlete. The program includes four rest days per week and light exercises for the remaining three days. Days Activities for Off-season Training After all exercises Monday Swimming (8am-8:30am and 5pm-5:30pm) Stretching (15 min utes at 6pm) Tuesday Rest day Wednesday Badminton (8am-8:30am and 5pm-5:30pm) Squash (10am-10:30am) Stretching (15 minutes at 6pm) Thursday Rest day Friday Tennis (10am-10:30am and 5pm-5:30pm) Stretching (15 minutes at 5pm) Saturday Rest day Sunday 15 Pushups 3 times (8am, 4pm, and 8pm) Jogging (25 minutes at 6am) Stretching (15 minutes at 10pm) Two main purposes of these light exercises are minimization of strength loses and physical recuperation of the athlete. As the off-season phase is the transition phase from in-season to next pre-season, the trainers include such exercises in this phase, which are not very heavy or muscle building exercises. The main purpose of all of these exercises is to keep the physical fitness of the athlete intact. â€Å"Swimming can develop a swimmer's general strength, cardiovascular fitness and endurance† (Luebbers, 2011). Badminton helps in increasing the level of good cholesterol ad decreasing the level of bad cholesterol present in the body . Squash helps an athlete increase flexibility, agility, and overall fitness. Squash also provides excellent cardiovascular workout for the athletes. Tennis improves the stretching abilities and hand-eye coordination of the athletes. Pushups help athletes improve their secondary and stabilizer muscles. â€Å"Pushups are considered by many people to be the best all-around chest workout† (West, 2006). Jogging, which is the last exercise in off-season phase, helps athletes reduce blood pressure problems and improves cardiovascular fitness of the body. Pre-Season Training Schedule A good and perfectly scheduled pre-season brings a number of benefits for the athletes. The pre-season training program is of 6 weeks for my athlete. The program includes one rest day per week, which is Sunday. There are different muscle building and physical fitness exercises for the workdays. Days Activities for Pre-season Training After all exercises Week-1 Monday to Saturday Week-2 Monday to Saturda y Week-3 Monday to Saturday Week-4 Monday to Saturday Week-5 Monday to Saturday Week-6 Monday to Saturday - Warm Up (6am-6:15am) - Endurance training, such as, jogging and interval running (7am-8am and 3pm-4pm) - On spot hitting and passing (9am-11am and 5pm-7pm) --------------------

Geographic Information System (GIS) Benefits and Constraints

Geographic Information System (GIS) Benefits and Constraints Benefits and Constraints of Using Geographic Information System (GIS) 1. Introduction 1.1 Research Background This is no more evident than in the proliferation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) across a variety of disciplines, with the common goal of capturing, storing, analysing and visualizing spatial information. GIS in practice, by virtue of its technical complexity and cost, has traditionally been limited to the operations of Governments and commercial organisations (Craig et al., 2002). Despite these barriers non-profit organisations and community groups are increasingly looking to adopt GIS on the premise that it will be able to positively transform their operations through better decision making and influencing public policy through greater analysis and the presentation of professional visualisations (Sieber, 2000b, Sieber, 2000a). Given this burgeoning interest, there has been a concerted effort by GIS and Society (GISoc) research groups to develop and espouse concepts such as Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) which provides a unique approach to make GIS and spatial data availa ble to non-traditional users allowing them to integrate local knowledge and engage in decision making (Sieber, 2006). 1.2 Research Objectives The focus of this research project is to investigate the benefits and constraints for the application of a Geographic Information System (GIS) within a community based project. Specifically the research considers a reframing of PPGIS to help better guide the processes, resources and characteristics required to implement a community based GIS. The following questions will guide the research and development of the community-based GIS: Do contemporary PPGIS pragmatic approaches address the original ontological debates of GIS and Society? Can psychogeographic principles help better guide the requirements for a community based GIS? What spatial data sets are available and usable for community groups within Melbourne, Victoria? Do available datasets satisfy the requirements of community groups? Can community knowledge be effectively integrated with traditional spatial data sources? 1.3 Research Rationale As people become more aware of local, regional and global issues through the mainstream media and the Internet they, as a result, expect to be better informed by Governments and organisations and allowed to contribute to decisions that shape their own lives and the society in which they live. If those issues comprise spatial knowledge, then a GIS is a natural option for facilitating discussions and conveying local knowledge (Carver, 2003). Despite this opportunity to empower communities many GIS practices (including PPGIS) and available spatial data often do not adequately represent community needs and concerns (Elwood, 2006). This research thus aims to explore and develop a framework for which current GIS and related technologies can be successfully reconstructed to allow communities to express their own knowledge about place and spatial relations through visualizations and narratives. Specifically, the proposed research has been designed to assist the Blackburn Lake Sanctuary (BLS) Advisory Committee to implement a GIS which will be enable them to store and map the location of various vegetation and salient features within the BLS in Melbourne, Victoria. By integrating publicly available data sets with community knowledge it is hoped that it will further legitimise the activities of the BLS Advisory Committee while not compromising their goal of contributing to local government policy and increasing the effectiveness of their activities. 1.4 Research Methodology Contained here is an outline of the subsequent chapters and research methodology. The research will be organised into three major chapters literature review; case study; and discussion and conclusions. Chapter Two Literature review examines the relevant literature regarding GIS and Society, PPGIS and psychogeography providing an overview of the historical background and ontological framework of these research paradigms. An examination of the principles of psychogeography and the research design of previous PPGIS studies will be completed, providing a comparative study of their different methodologies and methods. These comparisons will assist in developing a theoretical framework for a community-based GIS which will guide the case study to follow. Chapter Three Case study introduces the Blackburn Lake Sanctuary case study and attempts to implement the methods established within the theoretical framework introduced in chapter two. An exploratory case study has been employed because it is a valuable method for investigating the nature and effects of implementing technology within a complex milieu (Sieber, 2000b). In order to increase the rigour and validity of the case study observations, open-ended interviews and questionnaires will be conducted. Chapter Four Discussion and conclusions reviews the research objectives in relation to the major research findings as well as the limitations of the methods and theories employed. Pattern matching techniques will be employed to compare the observed and verified information with the framework developed through the research project. If the observed and predicted information correspond then the research methodology maybe strongly validated (Sarantakos, 1998). This chapter also addresses the limitations of the research and future research opportunities. 1.5 Conclusion This chapter has established the objectives and rationale for conducting research into developing a community-based GIS. A research methodology has also been proposed to describe how the research statement and associated objectives will be achieved. The next chapter will review the relevant literature including theoretical models and research methodologies used by previous researchers in the field of PPGIS and psychogeography. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In the previous chapter, the objectives, rationale and methodology were presented to help guide the research into developing a community-based GIS. The research outlined in this thesis covers a number of interdisciplinary fields all of which are continually evolving. These fields include public participation GIS (PPGIS), community mapping and psychogeography. This chapter begins by investigating the role of GIS in society including the motivation and foundation for PPGIS and the advantages and disadvantages of PPGIS praxis. The chapter also explores the topic of psychogeography and the reasons why its principles may help characterise and drive the successful development of a community GIS. 2.2 GIS and Society a brief history Mountains dark with forests rose above the rooftops, the jagged black summits silhouetted against the evening light. Higher than them all, though, was the tip of the Schneeberg, glowing, translucent, throwing out fire and sparks, towering into the dying brightness of a sky across which the strangest of greyish-pink cloud formations were moving, while visible between them were the winter planets and crescent moon. (Sebald, 2002: 50) Storytelling is an extremely powerful means for conveying an image of the world and in some way or another every story takes place somewhere and relates knowledge of geography and a sense of place (Cartwright, 2004, Erle et al., 2005, Cartwright et al., 2009). One way to represent geographic stories and our understanding of the spatial organisation of the physical environment and its relationship with humans is through a map. An attempt to bring together the science of geography with the art of map making has been the Geographic Information System (GIS) which is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analysing and displaying geographically referenced data (Chang, 2008). What differentiates a GIS from other databases and computer systems is its ability to combine large amounts of spatial data from diverse sources, group the data into layers or categories, analyse the data for patterns or relationships and produce improved visualizations (Sieber, 2000a, Sieber, 2000b). Fo r these reasons GIS technology has become an important tool for use by many levels of Government, Universities and organisations involved in activities ranging from conservation, advertising and marketing, health, crime, land-use planning and social services or any activity containing a spatial component (Sieber, 2006). However it is only recently that GIS use has expanded to non-traditional users such as non-profit organisations and community groups. This accessibility has been the result of decreased costs in hardware, software and improved user interfaces which means the user no longer has to learn specialised command languages (Craig et al., 2002). The attraction to the utility of GIS, by non-traditional users, is much the same as traditional users in that it can assist in new ways of understanding a problem, but it may also help in influencing public policy through more sophisticated analysis and the presentation of professional looking images (Sieber, 2000b). Despite this perceived ease-of-use and increasing ubiquity, the GIS has been criticised by some circles as being an elitist technology which merely enhances existing power structures (Carver, 2003). This critique is heavily influenced by postmodernist principles, which place an increasing emphasis on the contributions of wider society and recognises that knowledge and values are constructed through a multiplicity of social and cultural forces. These arguments first surfaced within the paradigm of critical cartography which exposed the inherent subjectivity in, and rhetorical content of maps, thus implying that maps are as much a reflection of (or metaphor for) the culture that produces them, as they are an abstraction of the physical environment (MacEachren, 1995). These examinations have also been employed within social and critical GIS debates which challenge the use of GIS in decision making as being objective and neutral. Instead it has been maintained that GIS utility is often c onfined to experts whom produce privileged knowledge given their unique access to data, technology, resources and position to structure the inquiry and design the output (Duncan and Lach, 2006). This view of GIS as a return to the principles of technocratic positivism may be construed as anti-democratic because decisions reliant on a GIS may exclude diverse forms of spatial data, such as community knowledge, in favour of ordered Government data conceptualised into points, lines and areas (Crampton and Krygier, 2006). Many academics, such as Pickles (1995), believe that the increased popularity of GIS within the geography discipline has meant that the availability and access to geographic data has become more influential than knowledge or experience of a unique environment or subject (Craig et al., 2002). Concerns regarding the hegemonic and subjective role of GIS lead to a number of workshops in the mid-nineties on GIS and Society (GISoc) sponsored by the National Centre for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) (Craig et al., 2002). GISoc was focused on how the spread of the technology was affecting the political, economic, legal and institutional structures of society; and how societal processes affect the form taken by the technology itself (Carver, 2003: 65). GISoc research furthermore questioned whether current GIS practices and available spatial data adequately represented community needs and concerns and whether a new ontological framework was needed to help empower less privileged groups in society (Elwood, 2006). It was questioned whether it would be possible to develop a bottom-up GIS which could successfully incorporate community participation and thus either displace or validate decisions made with top-down GIS approaches, implemented in most Government and commerci al GIS projects (Craig et al., 2002). From these reflections the notion of Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) was developed and defined as a variety of approaches to make GIS and other spatial decision-making tools available and accessible to all those with a stake in official decisions. (Schroeder, 1996) In other words, the intention of PPGIS praxis was to incorporate local community perspectives into decision making, ideally leading to solutions which might otherwise not have been attained using traditional data sources and esoteric problem framing and analysis (Carver, 2003). Even though PPGIS was initially seen as a reconstructed democratic GIS, there is still much polarized debate regarding whether GIS technology is empowering or marginalising. These opinions, however, can often be seen as a reactive and predisposed view of information technology (IT) in which individuals and groups must react to the technology as having a positive or negative social effect (Sieber, 2000a). The effectiveness and social and political implications of GIS use within communities, however is much more complex and is generally contingent on a set of unique local factors such as culture, policies, standards, people and technology (Duncan and Lach, 2006). While PPGIS applications are an extremely positive move to address the original GISoc concerns regarding the social, political and knowledge practices of GIS contemporary PPGIS have seemingly introduced new contradictions concerning data access, representation and hegemony (Elwood, 2006). For instance, although much literatur e acknowledges the importance of bridging the gap between technology and community knowledge, many PPGIS applications continue to adopt a technocratic view of GIS and are often lacking extensive public interaction let alone the integration of community data (Sieber, 2006). The next section of this thesis examines more closely the current contradictions in PPGIS applications, paying particular attention to the ambiguities in the use of the terms public and participation. The purpose in critiquing the underlying assumptions of these terms is to further an understanding of the original ontological meaning of PPGIS and how the varying use of the terms has affected the incorporation of community knowledge in PPGIS projects. 2.3 What does the Public and Participation in PPGIS really mean? Any process or technology which enhances a communities access to information and provides the chance to participate in decision making should be seen as a step in the right direction; however the original ontological framing of GISoc has become misconstrued by some practices of PPGIS (Carver, 2003). The original concept and application of PPGIS has been reshaped and become more disparate over the years as a range of disciplines (such as urban planning and conservation), have applied different approaches and technologies to achieve a unique set of priorities and goals (Sieber, 2006). Furthermore the growing enthusiasm of Governments and commercial organisations for participatory planning has lead to a number of diverse initiatives which vary in terms of the inclusiveness of community knowledge and empowerment potential (Elwood, 2006). However, public participation is a complicated concept that can have multiple meanings which lead to numerous interpretations and societal expectations (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). An examination of the nature of public and participation practices in GIS applications is thus critical in developing a greater understanding of the ambiguities in the PPGIS process and how these may have diverged from the original vision of GISoc. It is extremely important to identify whom the public is when engaging a PPGIS project because it will ultimately determine who is included within the project and what types of outcomes and goals may be achievable (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). The Collins English Dictionary (1982) defines public (adj) as a means of relating to, or concerning the people as a whole reflecting the intended meaning within PPGIS; and many applications do continue to be developed for a general public (Sieber, 2006). There is however a number of PPGIS projects who take a more ambiguous view of public and often use it interchangeably with definitions which more loosely resemble a stakeholder. In other words many projects deem their public to be those who are affected by, bring knowledge or information to, and possess the power to influence a decision or program (Sieber, 2006). The public and their interests are often, however, very different from stakeholders and thus would heavily influence the problem f raming and objectives of a GIS project (Wood, 2005). Furthermore a public can be demarcated by a range of factors such as geographical, economic, social or political; and the composition of a public may change over time (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). Determining what constitutes the public has become especially complicated as technology has become more pervasive. For instance a web-based GIS may potentially be accessible by a wider portion of society however it raises questions around digital divides and geographic scale. Thus, is anyone who is able to access the application still deemed part of the public even though they maybe geographically distant to the issue and decision making? (Sieber, 2006) In general people local to an issue should be interested enough to get involved in a debate given their geographic proximity. It has been demonstrated however that as scale increases not only do people at regional, national and global levels become interested and involved in an issue but also a higher percentage of people at the local do as well because it has amplified into a wider discourse (Carver, 2003). Consequently Aitken (2002) suggests that instead of perceiving issues or decision making as being scale dependent and developing PPGIS projects for stakeholders which have their scale fixed, GIS projects should, alternatively, be directing their attention towards developing a GIS which would enable community issues and knowledge to jump scale from local to larger public discourses or vice versa (Aitken, 2002, Sieber, 2006). This is an important aspect because there is often a concern that local activities are dismissed as being part of community politics and are denied significant advancements by State and Federal Governments and thus the opportunity to emerge and engage individuals at all scales (Aitken, 2002). From this perspective a community-based GIS, where community is defined as a group of individuals who are bound together by a common characteristic or a common intent and who enjoy a relatively high degr ee of mutual social interaction (Jones et al., 2004: 105) offers the prospect of transcending the rigid scale conceptualised upon community politics and local activism enabling them to contest structures of power and dominance at the very scales they exist (Aitken, 2002, Gaile and Willmott, 2005). Harris and Weiner (1998) acknowledged in their research on the power relations associated with GIS use that participatory GIS practices have the potential to simultaneously empower and marginalise groups (Sieber, 2006). As a result it is imperative to understand the nature of the participatory process and who benefits and why (Craig et al., 2002). One such way to help conceptualise the levels of public participation is through a ladder metaphor. First conceived by Arnstein (1969), the basic premise of the participation ladder is that each rung of the ladder represents a different level of participation the bottom rung represents zero opportunity to participate while each rung above represents increased level of participation in the decision making and thus greater public empowerment (Carver, 2003). Wiedemann and Femers (1993) later produced an adaptation of the ladder which conceived of public participation as not only providing access to information but also suggesting that inform ing the public of decisions is another form of participation (Tulloch and Shapiro, 2003). This concept is significantly flawed as it firstly misrepresents the commonly understood meaning of the word participation in PPGIS which The Collins English Dictionary (1982) defines as to take part, be or become involved, or share. Secondly the ladder metaphors do not acknowledge the potential for participation to change over a period of time (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). Thirdly, the participation models fail to include oppositional groups whom do not cooperate with public decision making but participate in the formation public policy through other influential methods such as protests (Sieber, 2006). The incorporation of the word participation in many GIS projects implies a method of consensus building which presupposes a level of top-down decision-making as well as a degree of homogenization between participants. Certain individuals however may be better able to participate or contribute to decision making than others. Consequently, disproportional levels of participation may effectively disempower individuals and adversely affect the desired outcomes of a community (Sieber, 2006). Consequently some scholars have insisted on applying participatory for autonomous grassroots activities and employing participation to describe those projects which are more top-down in their approach (Elwood, 2006). Again while this is a neat way to demarcate GIS projects which employ various degrees of top-down and bottom-up methods these definitions fail to acknowledge that both methodologies are crucial to any successful GIS project and community decision making. In fact it is fervently maintained that in order to enable citizens to better identify and comprehend how the role of GIS and technical discourses are bound up in decision making and how decision making can be informed by GIS knowledge, communities must have access to spatial information developed by Governments and commerc ial organisations as well as contributing their own spatial knowledge (Brown, 1998). Within this section it has been demonstrated that the attitudes and arguments that frame many PPGIS projects have succeeded in producing an illusion of influence and contribution by communities to decision making when actual control still resides with the traditional powers, such as Government. Instead of attempting to build an impossible consensus amongst a public with disparate tastes, values and experiences, a community-based GIS should concentrate on developing a communitys ability to construct their own facts with the aid of available third party resources, from which their personal geographic stories may emerge and translate to various members of society (Wood, 2005). Another way forward could be to draw upon principles of Situational psychogeography which also attempts to combine subjective and objective modes of study by positing that ones self cannot be divorced from the urban environment and that ones psyche and knowledge of the city must transcend the individual if it is t o be of any use in the collective rethinking of the city (Sadler, 1998, Wood, 2005). In the following section an examination of the origins of psychogeography will be conducted clarifying how the principles behind this practice may help establish a framework for practice of GIS and Society and specifically the incorporation of local knowledge in GIS. 2.4 What exactly is Psychogeography? During the 1950s a number of highly politicised groups emerged in opposition to the ideals of modernism; these groups promoted programs that would reform the practice of art and life by directly intervening in the human environment and bringing about a social revolution (Sadler, 1998). One such group were the Lettrist International who conceived of the notion of Unitary Urbanism, which would later be the developed into the praxis of Psychogeography. Unitary Urbanism was envisaged as the theory of the combined use of arts and techniques for the integral construction of a milieu in dynamic relation with experiments in behaviour. (Knabb, 2006: 52) In other words, Unitary Urbanism was considered a social project whose vision was the unification of space and architecture with the social and individual body (Sadler, 1998). In 1957 the Lettrist International and the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus (IMIB) merged to form a new artistic-activist movement known as the Situationist International (SI). The SI was similarly critical of modernist principles which anteceded the rational mind at the expense of the imagination. These criticisms are most clearly evident in the SIs opposition to modern architecture and urban planning which they argued shaped people into rigid patterns of behaviour (Sadler, 1998). Furthermore they believed that increasing urbanism and capitalism had reduced life to mere production and consumption behaviour that ensured that everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation. (Debord, 1964) In other words experienced space had been reduced into mere representations of spaces and in turn re-envisaged as capitalist spaces (McDonough, 2002). SI believed that members of society were increasingly experiencing life as spectators devoid of dialogue and wi thout a sense of being involved or interacting with one another. Once this spectacle of modernity and urbanism, represented through images, products and activities, and authorised by the state, had been unveiled, society would be able to rediscover the authenticity of city life underneath (Debord, 1964). By resisting the hegemony of the state the SI sought to radically transform urban spaces through different practices including the subversion of cartography. Specifically by directing the spectators senses towards the contradictions in the abstractions and mediations of the state, the aim was to draw the spectator into activity by provoking his capacities to revolutionize his own life (Debord, 1957: 25). Taking from the original methodology of Unitary Urbanism, psychogeography was proposed as a method of urban investigation which studies the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organised or not, on the emotions and behaviour of individuals. (Debord, 1955) In other words, psychogeography was intended as a methodology to help make people aware of the ways in which the urban environment and everyday life is conditioned and controlled and encouraged the exposing of these concerns (Plant, 1992). Psychogeography in practice utilised a technique conceived as the Theory of the Dà ©rive, in which individuals dà ©rive (literally: drifting) through an environment letting themselves be drawn by the attractions of the terrain while still seeking to unmask the contradictions in the abstracted space (Plant, 1992). The dà ©rive was an attempt to reappropriate the meaning of the city by removing the myths in the states representations by having people walk and experience the landscape first hand, thus constructing through narratives a more concrete collective space (Mcdonough, 1994). While the dà ©rive offered a new way of surveying urban space, a new way of representing these spaces had yet to be found. The SI were not disillusioned with the idea of mapping practices, in fact they regarded mapping as an important component to aid in the changing and organisation of urban spaces (Pinder, 1996). They believed however, that the structures and imperatives utilised in mapping exposed the desires of those wishing to impose order upon the city. The SI ambition was thus to illustrate the strange logic and apparent disorder of cities by producing maps which demonstrated those intimacies of the city typically absent from a traditional street or topographic map (Sadler, 1998). Consequently the SI developed a concept called Dà ©tournement, which loosely translates as a diversion or rerouting of pre-existing aesthetic elements (Knabb, 1995). An example of this is where existing maps and aerial photographs were juxtaposed or rearranged to produce a new spatial meaning; an a lternative experiential or existential truth (Ungar, 2005). Thus the SI were able to reconstruct the cartography of a city by reconciling conventional geographies, sociologies, and cartographies together with experienced spaces, producing a map which is terrestrial, fragmented, subjective, temporal, and cultural (Sadler, 1998: 82). While Debord announced the disbandment of the SI in 1972, the traditions underpinning psychogeography continue to influence many works of literature, films, urban design and geographic practices (Ford, 2005). Wood (2005) draws attention to one contemporary psychogeography project Jake Bartons City of Memory which combines psychogeographic principles with a GIS to build a collective urban memory through the participation of a number of people. In an interview with Wood, Jake Barton described his project as utilising top-down and bottom-up resources to create an emergent and curated experience. Precisely by extending these terms to form the foundation of any GIS and Society project, Wood hypothesised that what would emerge was a GIS designed by a third-party or community-based intermediary (top-down); the public would formulate a specific framework that fits their unique goals (bottom-up); the bottom-up and top-down activities and goals are not independent of each other, but rather c o-exist (curated); the outcome of the project has not been foreseen or influenced towards a specific outcome by any party, but rather emerges organically from the facts obtained and analysed (emergent). Thus resulting in a map and information which has not been exactly made by the public but which without it has no content at all and deflates into a frame around nothing (Wood, 2005: 13). Following on from this preliminary research by Wood a wider investigation of these terms will be conducted, laying the framework for a more appropriate community-based GIS as originally envisaged in GISoc debates. 2.5 Top-down Top-down integration of GIS is usually undertaken by an outside individual or agency who provides the GIS model, data, analysis and representation (Talen, 2000). Often the major distinction between a top-down and bottom-up approach, in participatory projects, is determined by where the decision making lies and by the level of commitment required by the public. With a top-down approach a Government or organisation would typically provide the data and representations which would be used in deliberation with the public, who are required to make a short-term commitment. In contrast, a bottom-up approach would require the public to have ongoing access to GIS data and the resources to capture data, conduct analysis and produce representations (Talen, 2000). Governments and commercial planners will often implement a participatory GIS with top-down goals in order to better understand a neighbourhood dynamic, improve public sector management and enhance social service provision. This process theoretically serves the public by introducing policies and services based on a communitys perception of the data, analysis and representations framed by Governments and planners (Sieber, 2006). Top-down GIS models can also help circumvent deterrents such as cost, complexity and access to data which often impeded non-profit and community groups from implementing a GIS. The cost of hardware and GIS software have decreased dramatically over the years and there are now many open source GIS solutions available for free use; however it has been shown that any cost and resources required in the implementation, operation and maintenance of equipment, no matter the amount, will be a significant barrier for adoption, especially for underprivileged groups (Brodnig and Mayer-Schà ¶nberger, 2000, Leitner et al., 2002). Furthermore many individuals may lack knowledge about the availability and means of obtaining a GIS and spatial data (Elwood, 2007). Many of the GIS packages available are user-friendly for many operations, however the more functionality a group requires for their GIS, the greater